倒装：完全倒装和部分倒装

完全倒装（full inversion）：是将整个谓语部分全部置于主语之前。

部分倒装(Partial inversion )：又叫不完全倒装，是将谓语的一部分（助动词、系动词、情态动词，必要时需添加do, does 或did）置于主语前面。

 

1. 常用语法结构倒装语序

1.) 大所数疑问句用的一般都是倒装

Eg: Is he interested in the game?    Where have you been?  

Whom did you speak to yesterday?

2.) There be/follow结构是倒装语序

There be 有      there follow 接着

There is a big tree in front of the house.

There followed the carrying of some big pieces of wood to fireplace.接着是往壁炉运送大块木柴。

3.) so放在句首，表示前面所说情况也适用于另外的人或物；neither、nor放在句首表示前面否定的内容也适用于另外的人或物；或是对另一个动作也予以否定。

Eg: He has a gold watch.----- So do I. 我也有一块。

 Marry can’t speak French. ---- Nor/Neither can I. 我也不会。

 He didn’t turn up(露面). ---- Nor/Neither did his brother.他弟弟也没有。

 I have seen the play. --- So has he. 他也看过了。

 I haven’t taken the book, nor have I seen it.

以上例子都是谈论两个或两组的人具有相同情况；但对同一个或同一组的情况表示赞同或不赞同时，则不用倒装

Eg: They have done a good job. ---- So they have.的确是。

His sister isn’t clever. ---- Nor/Neither she is. 的确不聪明。我没拿那本书，也没见它。

He didn’t come to my birthday party. ---- Nor/Neither he did. 的确没来。

2. 在非真实条件状语从句中的倒装

当if引导的非真实条件状语从句中有助动词had，should，或be的虚拟形式were时，可以省略if，把should，had或were提到句首。

If I were you，I would die. --- Were I you, I would die.

If you had informed us earlier, we would have taken necessary steps. --- Had you informed us earlier, we would have taken necessary steps.如果通知我们早一点的话，我们机会采取必要的措施了。

If the weather should be wet，the meeting wouldn’t be held. --- Should the weather be wet，the meeting wouldn’t be held. 若下雨，会议就不举行了。

3. 在让步状语从句中的倒装

1.) 在正式文体或文学作品中，为了强调让步的意义，可用as，though引导的让步状语从句，这时需要倒装。若强调的是名词则不能用冠词

Poor as/though he was，he was honest. 他虽然穷，但为人诚实。

Old as/though he was，he was not ashamed to learn. 他虽然年纪大了，却不耻于学习。

Search as/though they did，they found nobody in the house. 他们无论怎样找，在这个房子里还是一个人也找不到。

Child as/though he is, he can do it with ease. 他虽是个孩子，却能不费力得将它做好。

Much as we admire Shakespeare’s comedies，we cannot agree that they are superior to his tragedies. 我们虽然推崇莎士比亚的喜剧，但对于其喜剧胜于悲剧的说法却不苟同。

Fail as I did, I wouldn’t lose heart. 虽然我失败了，但我不灰心。

Change your mind as you will, I don’t care at all. 就算你改变主意，我一点也不在意。

在上述例子中，从句的主语都是人称代词，主谓不倒装，若从句的主语是普通名词，通常用主谓倒装（把助动词、be动词或情态动词置于主语前面）。

Difficult as was the work，it was finished in time. 工作虽然困难，但还是及时完成了。

Disabled as was Paul, he tried his best to serve the people. 保尔虽然残废了，但仍然尽力为人民服务。

Win the game though did Li Ming, I wouldn’t admire him.

Terrible as/though was the storm, we continued our way.

2.) 当no matter 与how，what，when，where，which，who 等特殊疑问词连用，however与形容词、副词或不定式连用，在让步状语从句中用作状语、表语、主语或宾语时，需全部位于从句句首.

Eg：He had to get the car fixed no matter how much it will cost.

No matter what the matter may be, do your best.

No matter who telephones, say I am out.

以上其实可以吧no matter 和特殊疑问词看成一体，整体看做一个让步状语从句的引导词

Choose always the way that seems the best, however rough it may be.总要选择看来是最好的路，不管它多么崎岖不平。

However hard he studies hard, he can’t make an

3.) 把系动词be 置于让步状语从句句首形成的倒装

Eg: We cannot receive him, be he a soldier or a general. 不管他是士兵还是将军，我还是概不接待。

Be it cheap or dear, I’ll take it. 不管贵贱，我都要买。

The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went smoothly. 日常生意，不管是售货还是运货，都进行得很顺利。

3. 含结果状语从句的倒装

在“so(such)… that…”结构中，含so/such的主句的倒装。以“so+形容词”或“so+副词”或“such构成的短语”开头时，主句要不完全倒装。

Eg: So easy was the task that they finished it in a few days.

   So seriously was he injured that he was taken to a hospital at once.

   So loudly did he speak that even the people in the next house could hear him.

   Such a noise did he make that his roommate told him to be quiet.

   To such an extent/a degree do parents do parents love their son that they have tried to satisfy every demand of his.

   Such is his nature. 他的本性就是如此。

4. 其他倒装

1.) 由副词here，there，in, out, up, down, away, off, round, next，now，then出现在句首，如果主语是名词或名词性短语，谓语动词是不及物动词或系动词时，句子需要用完全倒装。

Here is the telegram we have just received.这就是我们刚收到的电报。

There goes the vicar. 教区牧师走来了。

Now comes the best time for us to plant trees.现在我们植树的最好时机来了。

Then came the day we had been looking forward to.后来我们一直盼望的这一天终于来到了。

Off/Out rushed the children. 孩子们冲了出去。

Down fell the apples. 苹果掉下来了。

Away hurried the hunter. 猎人急匆匆走了。

Round and round flew e plane. 飞机来回盘旋。

In came an old man with a white beard. 进来一位白胡子老人。

这种句型的主语如果是人称代词，或谓语动词是及物动词带有宾语，倒装就不需要了，可看作状语的灵活应用，置于句首而已。

Eg: Here he comes.他来了。

  Next he bought Ann’s wedding present. 接着他买了安的结婚礼物。

  Now Mr. Li began asking questions. 这时李老师开始提问题。

2.) 当以表方式、程度或频度的副词或短语，如well，gladly，often，many a time，twice，long，with短语等开头时，句子用部分倒装。

Eg: Often do I warn him not to go swimming alone.

Twice within my lifetime, have world wars taken place.

Gladly did I help him do some washing.

With the last hours of the afternoon did her hopes, her courage and her strength went away.（went her hopes, her courage and her strength主语过长而出现了完全倒装）

Many a time has he given me good advice.

Greatly did his widowed mother suffer during those days.

3.) 当“only+副词”“only+介词短语”“only+状语从句”位于句首时，要出现部分倒装

Eg: Only then did I understand what he meant..

   Only in this way, can you hope to improve the present situation.

   Only when people trust each other is international cooperation possible.

   Only when we got home did it began to rain.

4.) not only…but （also）连接两个并列分句时，not only 位于句首时该句要用部分倒装

Eg：Not only did the output of industrial products greatly increase in 1979, but large numbers of new products were successfully produced.

Not only is he intelligent, but he is also a tremendously hard worker.

Not only…but also如果连接两个主语时，不能倒装,而且谓语动词采用就近原则。

Eg：Not only the children but also their mother loves popular music.

5.) 介词短语作地点状语，放在句首，谓语动词是be动词或不及物动词come，sit，stand，live，lie，arrive，主语为普通名词，用完全倒装。

Eg：Next to the table is a chair. 靠桌是把椅子。

On the stairs was sitting a small dark-haired girl. = (Sitting on the stairs was a small dark-haired girl.)楼梯上坐着一位黑发小姑娘。

At the corner stands a man selling newspapers. = (Standing at the corner is a man selling newspapers.)

In these oceans live a great number of fish. = (Living in these oceans are a great number of fish.)

In the valley lies a river. = (lying in the valley is a river.)山谷里有条小河。

On the sofa lies a beautiful girl. =  (Lying on the sofa is a beautiful girl.)床上躺着一位漂亮的姑娘。

6.) 当句首状语是否定词或带否定意义的词或介词短语时，句子用部分倒装。hardly，rarely，never，not，little，seldom， nowhere, scarcely（刚刚） hardly…when…= no sooner…than (一…就…), Not until, neither…nor…, at no time(什么时候也不)，by no means（根本不，无法），in neither case（在两种情况下都不），in no case（在任何情况下都不），in no way（怎么也不），still less（更不，更不必说），under no circumstances（无论如何）on no account（绝不）

Eg：Nowhere will you find better roses than these. 你在哪儿都找不到比这更好的玫瑰。

Hardly did I think it was possible. 我认为这几乎不可能。

Never will I forget it. 我将永远忘不了这件事。

Not a mistake did he made. 他一个错误也没犯。

Rarely could he have been faced with so difficult a choice. 他很少遇到过这么难的选择。

Scarcely had he gone out when it began to rain.他刚刚走出去就开始下起雨来。（scarcely所在句倒装）

Little did the old woman know that she was seriously ill herself. 这位老太太不大知道她自己的病情。

Little did we suspect that the district was so rich in mineral resources. 我们一点都没想到这个地区矿产资源丰富。

These differences shouldn’t hinder us from establishing normal state relations, still less should they lead to war. 这些分歧不应妨碍我们建立正常的国家关系，更不应导致战争，

No sooner had they got to the plant than they started to work. 他们一到工厂就开始工作。（no sooner所在句子倒装）

Hardly had finished our work when the bell rang. 我们刚做完作业，铃就响了。

By no means is London so pretty as Paris. 伦敦根本没有巴黎漂亮。

Under no circumstances would I agree to such proposal. 无论如何，我不会赞成这项提议的。

Neither did they write nor did they telephone. 他们既没有写信也没有打电话。

Not until I had gone to bed, did my father get home. 直到我上床睡觉，我爸都还没回来。（主句倒装）

In either case can I agree.  这两中情况下我都不能同意。

On no account are visitors allowed feed the animals. 参观者一律不得给动物喂食。

7.) 比较状语从句中为平衡而倒装。(主语过长)

Eg: He is younger than are the other students in his class. 他比班里其他同学年龄小。

He travelled as happily as did most of his friends. 跟他的大多朋友一样，他旅途一样愉快。