本题型测重考查考生的词汇和语法基础知识，但并不是单纯的知识检测，而是考查考生在写和改的过程中运用语法知识解决实际问题的能力。

下面引用近几年的高考题来分析一下此题的三种错误类型：多词、缺词和错词。

一、多词

1、多冠词

①Suddenly, I caught  a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.

   [解析]sight是不可数名词，且catch sight of是固定搭配，意为“看见”。

②For example, when I was a child, the rain was a mystery.

    [解析]rain为不可数名词，泛指时不用冠词。

[知识拓宽]

〈1〉不可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。

Modern people know more about the health, have better food，and…

〈2〉与by连用的交通工具及air，land，sea等名词前不用冠词。

by bike骑自行车，by sea由海路，乘船

〈3〉有些名词（如：school，class，hospital，church，prison，bed，table，town等）与相应介词连用，表示有关活动时，不用冠词。

go to school去上学，in prison坐牢，at table在吃饭

〈4〉球类运动、棋类游戏前，不用冠词。

play basketball打篮球，play chess下棋

〈5〉most作“非常”解时，前面不用定冠词the。

She is most pretty.她非常漂亮。

〈6〉as 或though引导让步状语从句，构成倒装结构，前置的名 词不用任何冠词。

Child as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他只是孩子，知道的却很多。

2、多介词

①In fact, they are planning to visit China in next year.

②We practice for three times every week….

③So I'm really sorry that I won't be able to come in this time.

  [解析]以上三例都是作时间状语的名词短语前多了介词。

④…but we do not seem to get much time to talk about together.

   [解析]talk about 意为“谈到…”，是及物动语短语，后须接介词宾语，但根据本句语境，此处不必接宾语，故去掉about。

[知识拓宽]

〈1〉last night, next week, this year, one day, three times等名词词组直接充当时间状语，前面不用介词。

〈2〉有些动词在汉语中是不及物动词，在英语中却是及物动词，由于受汉语影响，可能多一个介词。

serve for the people, follow after the teacher, marry with her,  make him as our monitor, play with Tom in a match（划线介词均多余）

〈3〉有些表示地点的副词，其意义中已包含to，如果再加to，则多余。

on one's way to there, return  to home, go to upstairs（划线介词均多余）

〈4〉有些副词或介词词组后加另一个介词，构成复合介词，若后面没有介词宾语，介词则多余。同样，有些动词短语是“动词+介词”结构，若后面没有介词宾语，介词则多余。

①If you won't go, I'll go instead of. （划线介词多余）

②She listened to but heard nothing. （划线介词多余）

〈5〉有些动词或形容词后接名词或代词时，须加一个介词，但接从句时，必须去掉介词。

①I never knew about a ride down a river could be so exciting.（划线介词多余）

②I am sorry for that he won't come. （划线介词多余）

3、词义重叠

①Whenever I see them I will often think of my English teacher.

    [解析]在whenever I see them这一时间状语从句后再用often 显得重复，应去掉。

②I'll spend all the whole weekend reading and preparing for it.

    [解析]the whole weekend意为“整个周末”，再加上all，词义重叠。

[知识拓宽]

〈1〉有些词受汉语影响，多一副词或介词，造成词义重叠。

return back回来，repeat again重复，flee away逃走，enter into进入，blue color蓝色，stop down停下来，raise up举起来，unpack open打开

〈2〉定语从句中的一个名词，已由关系代词取代，再用一个代词是多余的。

I do remember you having apologized to the old lady I met her last week.

〈3〉单音节的形容词或副词比较等级加-er、-est，多音节加more、most，但二者不能同时重叠使用。

As a result, people in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past.

4、出现冗言现象

①Today I visited the Smiths —my first time visit to an American family.

    [解析]本句中的first修饰visit，visit此处为名词，意为“我的第一次访问”,time多余。

②Now I can't watch much television but…

    [解析]根据上下文，此处应是“我根本不能看电视”，因此受汉语影响，多了much，造成冗言。

[知识拓宽]

〈1〉状语从句与主句之间多一并列连词。

①Though he tried his best, but he failed.

②The more he has, and the more he wants.

〈2〉充当状语的介词短语与主句之间多一关系代词或关系副词。

①In the last five years that they have climbed churches…

②…in other places where you are limited to a certain number…

〈3〉充当状语的分词与主句之间多一并列连词。

Sitting down, and he began to work.

〈4〉从属连词后多一个that。

She was absent from the meeting because that  she was ill.

〈5〉复合宾语前多一个that。

I found that her lying on the ground.

5、固定搭配中多词

①I was used to watch it every night.

[解析]此处属于used to do 与be used to 两个固定搭配的误用，应去掉was，取“过去常常”之意。

②…in any other words, I am an only child.

[解析]in other words为固定搭配，意为“换句话说”，而any other意为“任何别的…”，与本文上下文不符。

6、行文逻辑上多词

First, let me tell you something more about myself.

[解析]由first可知是刚开始向别人讲述自己的故事，故只能说something，而不能加more。

二、缺词

1、名词前缺限定词

①Each player must obey∧captain, who is the leader of the team.  the

    [解析]此处应加上the，特指“球队的队长”。

②The day before the speech contest ∧ English teacher talked to me.  my

    [解析]根据上下文分析，此处English teacher是有所指的，指的是“我的”英语老师，故加上my，表达一个更确切的概念。

③I'll take this chance to wish you ∧wonderful time on your birthday.  a

    [解析]wish sb a wonderful time为固定搭配，意为“祝某人玩得愉快”。

[知识拓宽]

〈1〉在“so+形容词+可数名词单数”结构中，名词前不能缺a 或an。

This is so good a book that we will buy it.

=This is such a good book that we will buy it.

〈2〉little , few 表示肯定时，前面不能缺a，意为“一些”。

如：a little water，但是“每隔几分钟”应说成 every few minutes

〈3〉有些不可数名词（如：metal, beauty, iron, tea, coffee, ice, youth, pleasure, success, failure等），表示“一种”、“一个”、“一杯”时，应加上a 或an。

Work is a pleasure to me.

〈4）“the +姓氏复数”表示一家人时，the 不能省。

The Browns like to go skating.

〈5〉表示“两者之中比较……的一个”时，比较级前应加the 。

He is the taller of the two boys.

〈6〉在句中可数名词不可单独使用，前面应有限定词，如his,  that, Tom's , the , a 等。

When we walked to the car, Bill smiled and shook ∧ head.   his

2、缺动词不定式符号to

①I'd like very much ∧ come but I have an examination Monday morning.  to

[解析]like 后面不能直接加动词，需加to ，构成固定搭配"would like to do",意为“想做……”。

②…and will do all they can ∧make sure that I get a good education. to

    [解析]不定式作目的状语，符号to 不可省。

[知识拓宽]

〈1〉不定式作后置定语，不定式符号to 不能省。

But then there are always more mysteries∧look into.   to

〈2〉一般说来，两个实义动词不能并列使用，中间常用to 连接。

①The World Health Organization and other organizations are working ∧improve health all over the world.  to

②I had always wanted ∧return to the village…  to

〈3〉feel, hear, let, make, have, see, notice, watch, observe等动词变成被动结构时，充当主语补足语的不定式不能省去to 。

Little Tom was made to do heavy work.

〈4〉为了避免重复前面的动词，后面的不定式常常省略，但要保留不定式符号to。

We wanted to go to the lecture, but we weren't able to.

3、缺系动词

①They ∧eager to know everything about China… were

    [解析]eager为形容词，必须加系动词构成系表结构。

②What∧ your favourite sport?　is

    [解析]本句缺谓语动词，应加is 。

③I'd like to ∧your penfriend, and… be/become

    [解析]本句考查I'd like to do 结构，根据上下文，必须加上系动词。

[知识拓宽]

〈1〉由于受汉语的影响，有些形容词作表语时，常常缺系动词。

She is afraid of her boss.

〈2〉在被动结构中，由于缺少助动词，变成了主动语态，造成错误。

…and let you know when the book you want has∧ returned and is ready for you to pick up.   been

4、缺介词

①We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead∧ourselves.  of

    [解析]instead of为固定短语，意为“而非，而不是”，后接宾语。

②…but the others spent a lot∧ time arguing…  of

    [解析]a lot of 是固定习语，意为“许多，大量”，后加宾语。

[知识拓宽]

    改错题对介词的考查，重点是一些固定搭配，再如：When I have free time I go∧a long walk,…  for，因此，同学们在学习和复习中应牢记一些固定搭配。

5、缺连词

In one class, I learned∧ it rained. why

[解析]本句缺连词，造成句子成份残缺，只有加上why ，句子的意义才完整。

[知识拓宽]

〈1〉在汉语中，分句与分句之间往往不用连词，但在英语中却不行。

     It began to rain, and they had to stop working.

〈2〉受母语影响，几个同类词并列连用时，它们之间往往缺一连词。

①I told Mother, Father, Sister, ∧all my friends here what a great time I had.  and

②He looked inside but saw nothing.

〈3〉that引导的主语从句置于句首时，that常常不能省。

That light travels in straight line is known to all.

〈4〉引导同位语从句的连词that，when 等常不可省。

①The doctors came to the conclusion that the patient was suffering from cancer.

②I have no idea when he will return.

〈5〉在even if, even though, as if, as though等短语中，第二个连词不能缺少。

He walks as if / though  he were drunk.

三、错词

1、可数名词单复数误用

①They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.   questions

②We study quite a few  subject, such as maths, Chinese, English and physics.   subjects

③We practise three times every week and often watch football match on TV together.    matches

④She said that she and my  schoolmate all wished me success,…  schoolmates

⑤…so that I'll get good marks in all my  subject.   subjects

⑥…and many happy  return of the day.   returns

⑦I used to love science  class — all of them — biology, chemistry, geography, physics.  classes

[知识拓宽]

对名词单复数的考查是高考的热点之一，几乎每年考查一处。因此，为了对名词错误判断准确，应该：

〈1〉要弄清名词是可数名词还是不可数名词。

We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some  waters from a stream.  water

〈2〉要掌握好可数名词复数的变化规则。

There are branch  library  in many villages.  libraries

〈3〉要注意一些名词单复数的特殊变化。

〈4〉要熟练运用名词的所有格。

2、时态误用

①We have a good time talking and laughing together.  had

②I learn about you from my English teacher, Miss Fang.  learned

③I was a member of our school football team.  am

④I am happy with any programme but the others spent a lot of time…  was

⑤I remembered her words and calm down.  calmed

⑥They did not want me to do any work at home.  do

[知识拓宽]

   动词时态是短文改错考查的热点之一，一般说来，每年考查一处，而且近几年高考主要考查现在时与过去时的误用，再如：I had an examination on Monday morning.  have

3、非谓语动词误用

①It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home.  drive

②I look forward to  hear from you soon. hearing

③Play football not only makes us grow up…  Playing

④I was often a little tired after a day's work and watch TV demands very little effort.  watching

[知识拓宽]

〈1〉由以上考例可见，V-ing形式作主语、宾语或状语是考查热点。

    ①I'll spend the whole weekend reading and prepare for it.  preparing

    ②After learn the basics of the subject, nothing else seemed very practical to me. learning

〈2〉过去分词与现在分词的区别是另一考查热点。此时重点要看分词与主语或逻辑主语的关系。

    ①After an hour or so, we began to feel very frightening.   frightened

    ②…but now I am interesting in football.  interested

〈4〉被动语态中的过去分词误用成动词原形。

Books may be keep for four weeks.   kept

〈5〉掌握好动词不定式带to 与不带to 的差异。

〈6〉有些动词后接不定式，有些动词后接动名词，应牢记这些动词。

4、主谓不一致

①Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit. gives

②Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library.  are

[知识拓宽]

〈1〉谓语动词的单复数一般取决于前面主语的单复数。

    Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them.  costs

〈2〉not only…but also,neither…nor…, either…or…等并列连词联接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数应采取就近一致原则。

〈3〉There be结构中，谓语动词也应采取就近一致原则。

    But then there is always more mysteries to look into.  are

〈4〉注意把集合名词（如：family, class, team等）和不定代词（如：all , none等）放在具体语境中，判断其谓语动词的单复数。

5、代词不一致

①The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. their

②And they must not break the rules too often if we want to win the game.  we

③Now someone at home reads instead.  everyone / everybody

[知识拓宽]

〈1〉根据上下文判断，出现了代词不一致。

①I felt that it helped me understand how the world works.  they

②They have been to Europe many times.  We

〈2〉倾向于考查学生对不定代词，形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词以及代词的主格与宾格等诸方面知识的掌握与运用能力。

And I can't forget the good food you cooked for I.  me

〈3〉人称代词性别上的误用也是常见的错误形式之一。

6、连词误用

①She said that she and my schoolmates all wished me success, but it didn't matter that I would win or not.  whether

[解析] it为形式主语，whether I would win or not是真正的主语，意为“我是否能赢”。

②It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest   or

[解析]句意为：看起来我的父母亲把我当成了“visitor”或“guest”了。二者为选择关系，而非并列关系，故将and改为or。

③It is a very important exam but I can't afford to fail it.  and / so

[解析]此处应是并列或因果关系，而非转折关系。

[知识拓宽]

〈1〉正确掌握各连词的含义及其在从句中的应用。

    ①…because I felt that they helped me understand what the world works. how

    ②Most people can quickly get help from a doctor or go to a hospital since they are ill. when/if

〈2〉熟练应用表示并列、选择、转折、因果等关系的连词：and, or, but, so, therefore, however, etc.

    ①She was smiling but nodding at me.  and

    ②Therefore, there are still some countries where people have shorter lives. However

〈3〉弄清whether和if 的含义及用法区别。

…and whether you pay the cost of sending a postcard, the librarian will write to you…  if

7、关系代词与关系副词误用

I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China.  which

[解析]此处是非限制性定语从句，关系代词which做主语。

[知识拓宽]

〈1〉正确区分关系代词之间的区别，尤其是that和which的区别。

…in other places you are limited to a certain number, of that some may be novels.  which

〈2〉正确区分关系代词与关系副词的区别，并掌握它们的用法。

However, there are still some countries there people have shorter lives.  where

8、词性误用

①Also the sport teaches us the important of obedience.  importance

    [解析]本句应该用名词importance作动词teach的直接宾语。

②Unfortunate, there are too many people in my family.  Unfortunately

    [解析]此处应该用副词unfortunately作状语，意为“不幸的是”。

③After learning the basics of the subject, nothing else seemed very practically to me.  practical

    [解析]seem为系动词，后面应接形容词作表语。

[知识拓宽]

词性误用指的是动词与名词混淆，副词与形容词混淆等等。这就要求我们在平时学习中重视词性及各类词的基本用途，尤其是弄清它在句中所做的成份。再如：

  I'm sure we'll have a wonderfully time together.  wonderful

9、限定词误用

①Today I visited the Smiths—my first visit to a American family.  an

[解析]American为元音音标开头的单词，故应用不定冠词an。

②We may be one family and live under a same roof,…  the

[解析]same意为“同样的”，前面应加定冠词the。

10、词义辨析错误

They did not want me to do any work at family,…  home

[解析]family侧重指“家庭这个结构或家里的人”，而home则侧重指“家庭的所在地”。因此“在家里”应用at home。

[知识拓宽]

在英语中，有许多同义词、近义词和反义词，在平时学习中应抓好基础，牢记每一个词的异同点和侧重点。再如：

    Uncle Ben will also  go back for Christmas.[N95]  come

总之，平时学习中应加强对基础知识的积累，熟练掌握高考词汇、基本词法、句法，同时还应加强阅读理解能力的训练。因为，较快的阅读速度、较强的语感和牢固的基础知识是做好短文改错的重要前提。平时训练短文改错时，不应只是为了做题而做题，而应善于总结，寻找做题技巧。