我们先看句子

我打篮球

I play basketball

 

我喜欢打篮球

i like playing basketball

同样是一个意思，打篮球，汉语上打这个字不会有变化，但英语却有变化，加了一个ing，为什么英语会变化，由于一个英语句中只能有一个谓语，就像一个人通常只有一个心脏，I like playing basketball 中有两个动词，like 和 play，打篮球便成为了宾语，而做宾语的只能是名词，我们便将play名词化，变成名词，于是playing basketball 便是具有动词意义，而语法上的词。这类词我们叫非谓语。

 

谓语是在时态上有变化的，而非谓语是在时态上没有变化的。

 

非谓语动词其实我们可以理解成是从句省略而来

我们先看看通常如何省略

有be 动词省略be 动词

 

1.It is common courtesy that one should wear black while one attends a funeral。

 

It is common courtesy to wear black while attending a funeral

 

2.Whether it is insured or not，your house，which is a wooden building，needs a fire alarm

 

Whether insured or not，your house，a wooden building ，needs a fire alarm

 

为何省略be动词

Birds fly

Birds eat worms

Birds give us songs

Birds make the morning beautiful。

 

这四个不同句型中，动词都表达信息

 

Birds are lovely。                                                                         

此时be 动词只是起连接作用，用来串联“鸟”和“很可爱”

如果birds are lovely 是主要从句，那么be 动词不可以缺乏，可是如果这个句子是从属从句，再加上birds如果在主句从句重复出现，那么这个从属从句中需要保留的就只有lovely一个词。重复的主语和无意义的be 动词都是多余的。

为什么省略be 动词，

由于be 动词没意义，只起连接作用

 

省略

有助动词时候，变不定式

You must go at once

→You are to go at once

 

The train will leave in 10 minutes

→The train is to leave in 10 minutes

 

You may call me “sir”

→You are to call me “sir”

 

Children can’t watch this movie

→children are not to watch this movie.

 

助动词改写be 加不定式，表达的意思不如原来的精确，有时候也可以用going to，willing to，able to，likely to，in order to，so as to，free to，bound to 等等来补充

He studied hard so that he could get a scholarship。

He studied hard to get a scholarship

He studied hard so as to get a scholarship

He studied hard in order to get a scholarship

 

没有助动词变ving

 

John remember that he saw the lady before。

John remember sawing the lady before

 

简化之定语从句之简化

 

Beer which is chilled to （冰到）6 C is most delicious。

Beer chilled to 6 C is most delicious

 

Your brother John，who was wounded in war，will soon be sent home

Your brother john，wounded in war，will soon be sent home

 

The ship which is coming to shore is from Shenzhen

The ship coming to shore is from Shenzhen

 

My old car，which breaks down every other week，won’t last much longer

My old car，breaking down every other week，won’t last much longer。

 

John is the one who should go this time

John is the one to go this time

 

John is not a man who can be trusted

John is not a man to be trust

 

Hilary clinton，who is pretty and intelligent，is a popular first lady

Hilary clinton， pretty and intelligent，is a popular first lady

 

Bill clinton，who is president of the U.S, is a Baby Boomer。

Bill clinton， president of the U.S, is a Baby Boomer。

 

练习

Medieval suit of armor，which were developed for protection during batttle，are now placed in castle for decoration

 

The change of style in these paintings should be obvious to anyone that is familiar with the artist’s works

 

Islands are actually tips of underwater mountain peaks that rise above water

 

John milton，who was author of paradise lost，was a key member of Oliver Cromwell‘s cabinet

 

The secretary thought that it might not be the the best time that she should ask her boss for a raise

 

God is one of the heaviest metals that are known to man

 

Here are some books that your brother can use

 

There’s nothing left that I can say now

 

People that live along the waterfront must be evacuated before the strom hits

 

答案

Medieval suit of armor，developed for protection during batttle，are now placed in castle for decoration

 

The change of style in these paintings should be obvious to anyone familiar with the artist’s works

 

Islands are actually tips of underwater mountain peaks rising above water

 

John milton， author of paradise lost，was a key member of Oliver Cromwell‘s cabinet

 

The secretary thought that it might not be the the best time to ask her boss for a raise

 

God is one of the heaviest metals  known to man

 

Here are some books for your brother to use

 

There’s nothing left（ for me） to say now

 

People living along the waterfront must be evacuated before the strom hits

 

 

Vitamin C,_______ trace element, is often found in fruit and vegetables.

 

The most important fossil_____ (excavate挖掘出来)in East Africa was that of an ancient female, lucy

Steve jobs vision(版本) of the personal computer greatly expanded（扩大） the number of people______(active) ________ (use) the computer for business and for pleasure.

 

The Amazon rain forests,_______(function) as the earth’s lungs（肺）,convert carbon dioxide in the atomosphere back into oxygen.

 

Through a process________(call) coalescence,water droplets in clouds grow to a size large enough to fall to earth

If you are looking for investment advice，I know just the place____(go)

 

Penicilin ,_________(discover) in early 20^th century,bought in the golden age of chemotherapy

 

Those are not words________(take) seriously。

 

The mouse，like the keybord，is a control device_______(connect) to a computer

 

An amendment to the Constitution________-(pass) in harry truman’s tenure limits the US presidency to two terms.

 

 

 

名词性从句的简化

 

名词性从句中that 没有实在意思，所以可以省略，be 动词也可以省略，当疑问词充当连接词时候不能省略（what，when，where，why）

名词性从句省略后通常两种形态

Ving 和 to V（动名词和不定式）

这两种形态都可以当名词使用 ，所以可以取代原先的名词性从句

简化后剩下的补语是Ving形态时

1.       主语位置

That I drink good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment。

Drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment

2.       宾语位置

动词宾语

Many husbands enjoy that they do the cooking

Many husbands enjoy doing the cooking

介词的宾语

He got used to that worked late into the night

He got used to working late into the night

3.       补语位置

His favorite pastime is that he goes fishing on weekends

His favorite pastime is going fishing on weekends

四，主语不能省略的时候

I imagined that a beautiful girl was singing to me

I imagined a beautiful girl singing to me

 

That he calls my girlfriend everyday is too much for me

Calling my girlfriend everyday is too much for me

His calling my girlfriend everyday is too much for me。

 

4.       加介系词进行处理

I am worried that my son lies all the time

I am worried about the fact my son lies all the time

I am worried about my son’s lying all the time

I am worried about my son lying all the time

 

被动语态

That anyone is called a liar is the greatest insult。

Called a liar is the greatest insult

Called a liar 是形容词类，不能取代原来的名词从句作主语，如果将called改成calling，虽然变成名词类，但是被动的意味消失了，为了保持被动态，只能借助前面的be 动词来作此类变化，变成being called a liar。

Being called a liar is the greatest insult

 

I am looking forward to that I am invited to the party

I am looking forward to being invited to the party

 

动词是单纯的be 动词时

若名词从句中是be 动词，后面接一般的名词或形容词作补语，则须加上-ing成为being

That one is a teacher requires a lot of patience

名词从句中是单纯的be 动词，后面接a teacher 作补语，简化时改成being，才能保持”做“老师的味道

Being a teacher requires a lot of patience

 

若省略be 动词，成为

A teacher requires a lot of patience

意思会稍有不同，又如

That he was busy is no excuse for the negligence

Being busy is no excuse for the negligence。

简化后剩下的补语是to V形态

The children expect that they can get presents for Christmas

The Children expect that they are to get presents for Christmas

The children expect to get presents for Christmas

不定式即“不一定什么词类”，可当名词，形容词，副词，所以不必顾虑词类是否符合的问题，但不定式不适合放在介词后面，这时要改成Ving 的形式

 

I think it strange that man should fear ghosts

I think it strange it strange to fear ghosts

 

主语不适合省略时候

I want that you should go

I want that you are to go

I want you to go

That the clippers should beat the lakes was quite a marvelous feat

 

For the clippers to beat the lakes was quite a marvelous feat

 

代表疑问句的名词从句的简化

I don’t know what I should do

I don’t know what to do

I can’t decide whether I should vote for Mary（or not）

I can’t decide whether to vote for Mary

 

副词从句的省略

1.

While he was lying on the couch，the boy fell asleep、

While lying on the couch，the boy fell asleep

Lying on the couch，the boy fell asleep

 

Because we have nothing to do here，we might as well go home

Having nothing to do here，we might as well go home

 

 

应该保留的连接词

在做这种简化动作时，表示原因的连接词because，since等等通常要省略，因为这种句型本身就强烈暗示因果关系。

应该保留的连接词

Although we have nothing to do here，we can’t leave early

Although having nothing to do here，we can’t leave early

Having nothing to do here，we can’t leave early

 

He raised his hand，as if he was trying to hit her

He raised his hand，trying to hit。

 

如果省略as if，句子意思不同了

 

Being 的运用

副词从句的be 动词一般在简化时要省略，但有些状况下要以being 的方式保留下来

As I am a student，I can’t afford to get married

As a student，I can’t afford to get married

Being a student，I can’t afford to get married。

 

兼作介词的连接词：before，after，since

Before he was in school，he used to be a naughty child

如果before he was 都省略，

In school，he used to be a naughty child

这个句子本身没错，只是和原句意思不同，

故要保留before

Before in school，he used to be a naughty child（x）

Before 这个字除了当连接词以外，也可以当介词，（before 1977，before the war）

简化从句中如果留下before，因为已经省去主语，动词，before 就是介词，不是连接词，介词后面只能接名词类的东西，before in school 就是一项语法错误，如果把in school 变成名词，则

Before school，he used to be a naughty child

Before school 意思为开始上学之前，故用being。

Before being in school，he used to be a naughty child

 

时态的问题

After he wrote the letter，he put it to mail

After writing the letter，he put it to mail

若去掉after

Writing the letter，he put it to mail。

After 省略以后，这句话的意思就是

When he was writing the letter，he put it to mail。

故如果省略after，在时态上要做如下处理

Having written the letter，he put it to mail

When he had written the letter，he put it to mail

 

When the child was already sleeping soundly in bed，her mother came to kiss her goodnight。

副词从句的主语是小孩，主要从句的主语却是她妈妈，

The child already sleeping soundly in bed，her mother came to kiss her goodnight。

 

保留主语时要注意事项

简化副词从句时，如果主语不同而保留，有两点必须注意，第一，连接词要省略，简化从句一般是省略主语，be 动词与连接词。如果主语要保留，连接词又留下，就只是省掉一个be 动词，并没有达到简化的结果

When the child already sleeping soundly in bed，her mother came to kiss her goodnight

这个句子看起来不像简化从句，反而像写错了，漏掉一个be 动词

简化副词从句要保留主语，第二件要注意事项是：后面必须配合分词补语（现在分词或过去分词）因为只有如此，才可明显看出这是省略be 动词的简化从句，the child sleeping soundly 清楚说明the child 是主语，sleeping soundly 是补语，省略be 动词与连接词，形成简化的副词从句。

 

练习

While he was watching TV，the boy heard a strange noise coming from the kitchen

Because she lives with her parents，the girl can’t stay out very late

If you have finished your work，you can help me with mine

As he is a law-enforcement officer，he cannot drink on duty

The actor has been in a state of excitement ever since he was nominated of the Oscar

After he addressed the congregation，the minister left in a hurry。

As it was rather warm，we decided to go for a swim

When the students have all left，the teacher started looking over their examination sheets

I know all about corn farming because I grew up in a southern farm

As the door remained shut，the servant could not hear what was going on inside

（while）watching TV， the boy heard a strange noise coming from the kitchen

living with her parents，the girl can’t stay out very late

If having finished your work，you can help me with mine

As a law-enforcement officer，he cannot drink on duty

Being law-enforcement officer，he cannot drink on duty

The actor has been in a state of excitement ever since being nominated of the Oscar

After addressing the congregation，the minister left in a hurry。

Having addressed the congregation，the minister left in a hurry。

It being rather warm，we decided to go for a swim

the students having all left，the teacher started looking over their examination sheets

I know all about corn farming ，having grewed up in a southern farm

the door remaining shut，the servant could not hear what was going on inside