英汉翻译中的词类转换
(2010-05-11 11:27:18)
标签:
翻译技巧翻译教育 |
分类: 笔译知识 |
例如,英语中充当主语的只有代词、
一、汉语动词的转译
汉语的一个显著特点是大量使用动词,包括连动式和兼动式。有时,
而英语中,一个句子通常只有一个主动词:Your mother wants you back at once. 汉语中动词使用比较频繁,当翻译成英语时,常用名词、形容词、
(一) 汉语动词转译为英语名词
英语中名词结构占绝对优势,因此常用名词来表示汉语中的动词。
医生建议我多锻炼一些。
译文:The doctor gave me some advice of doing more exercise.
操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。
译文:The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its
function.
(3)一定要少说空话,多做工作。
译文:There must be less empty talk and more hard work.
(4)人口在不断地增加。
译文:There is a steady increase in population.
(二)汉语动词译为英语介词或介词短语
英语中介词不仅数量多(大约有280多个),
(1)他到商店去买酱油。
译文:He went to the shop for a bottle of sauce.
(2)她漂亮得无法形容。
译文:Her beauty is beyond word.
(3)一座跨越杭州湾的大桥已经开始建设。
译文:A bridge has been under construction, which will span the
Hangzhou Bay.
二、汉语名词的转译
汉语名词作主语、表语或宾语时,一般译为相应的英语名词。
但有时汉语的名词不能硬译为英语名词,而是应该根据英文习惯,
(一)汉语名词转译为英语动词
英语中有一部分动词是从名词派生而来的,
1)雄伟的人民大会堂给我们留下了深刻的印象。
The magnificent Great Hall of the People impressed us
tremendously.
2)他的画的特点是笔力沉着,色彩鲜艳。
His paintings are characterized by steady strokes and bright
colors.
上面两个例句中的“印象”、“特点”在汉语中只能用做名词表示,
3)如果旅馆都满客了,我们可以给你提供住处。
We can house you if the hotels are full.
4)他是世上一切邪恶的化身。
He personified the evil that was in the world.
5)他的呼吸有股大蒜味道。
He breaths smells of garlic.
6)无知和疏忽是这错误的原因。
Ignorance and negligence has caused this mistake.
7)橄榄枝是和平的象征。
Olive branch symbolizes peace.
8)这只船容易颠覆,因为它造型不合理。
译文一:This boat is apt to overturn because its shape is
unreasonably.
译文二:This boat is apt to overturn because it unreasonably is shaped
.
(二)汉语名词转译为英语形容词或副词
我们知道,
1)富人剥削穷人。
The rich exploited the poor.
2)年轻人迟早要取代老年人。
Sooner of later the young will replace the old.
3)他们养着马和牛,前者供乘骑,后者供食用。
The keep horse and cattle, the former for riding, the latter for
food.
4)我们应该尊老爱幼。
We should respect eh old and love the young.
汉语名词在少数情况下转译成英语副词,使译文更流利,更地道。
1)楼下有人找你。
There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.
2)领导干部要讲政治文明。
Cadres should be politically minded.
三、 汉语形容词或副词的转译
有时,汉语的形容词或副词转译成英语的名词或介词及其短语,
(一)汉语形容词或副词转译为英语名词
在有些场合下,
朱延年用热情的款待把他的窘态遮盖过去。(周而复《上海的早晨》
Zhu Yannian covered up his embarrassment with the enthusiasm of his
hospitality.
她身体虽弱,但思想健康。
She is physically weak but mentally sound.
名词“身体”和“思想”转换成了副词“physically”
最终我认识到跟他打交道是愚蠢的。
I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them at last.
(二)汉语中的形容词转译为英语副词或汉语副词译成英语形容词
如果汉语中形容词修饰的名词转译为动词的话,
许多早期病例都得到了及时的治疗。
Many early cases have been treated promptly.
“治疗”这个名词转译为了动词“treat”,那“及时的”
2)1978年以来,中国的一切都发生了巨大的变化。
Everything in China has greatly changed since 1978.
3)我想男孩子的思维方式和女孩子是不一样的。
I suppose boys think differently from girls.
同样道理,当汉语中动词译为英语名词时,
1) 英语晚会非常成功。
The English evening was a great success.
副词“非常”译成了形容词“great”,因为动词“成功”
2)图标能直观地表达所要说明的关系。
A graph gives a visual representation of the relationship.
3)我们必须充分利用现有技术设备。
4)最后,他匆匆地向主任轻声道别,疾步走向门口。
At last, he whispered a hurried goodbye to his host and darted
toward door.
(三)汉语中形容词或副词转译为英语介词或介词短语
英语中介词是非常灵活的,在句子中表达简练、精确。因此,
1)厨房又脏又乱。
The kitchen was in a mess.
2)他不参加比赛,我感到很失望。
To my disappointment, he did not attend the competition.
3)我们看到了一片欣欣向荣的景象。
We saw a picture of prosperity.
汉语副词有时也可以转移为英语的介词或介词短语,例如:
1) 父亲不赞成地看着他。
Father looked at him in disapproval.
我们决不退让。
Under no circumstances will we give in。
我们必须广泛利用现代科学技术的新成就。
We must utilize the achievements of modern science and technology
on a wide scale.
换形译法
汉语和英语是两种截然不同的语言,
我们知道在英语中表示时间和数量有这样的说法: