中学英语语法基石之一: 句子成分、基本句型、句子结构

关键词：句子成分8， 句子类型5， 句子结构3

八大句子成分：主、谓、宾、定、表、状、补、同位语

五大句子类型：

一、句子成分

句子成分—主语: 通常句首；名词/代词/数词/不定式/动名词/句子等

The Beatles is a world-wide famous rock band.

I will be right here waiting for you.

Two plus six is eight.

To save time is to lengthen life.

Watching English movies is a good way to learn English.

What we shall do next is not yet decided

句子成分—谓语: 主语之后；动词；说明主语的动作，状态或特征

 A comedy usually has a happy ending.

 Time cures all things.

I’ve just finished my assignment.

 The work is almost finished.　

 He was often laughed at for his mistake.

句子成分—宾语: 及物动词和介词后;名词/代词/数词/不定式/动名词/句子等

One should love animals, because they are tasty.

Don’t offer to teach fish to swim.

The first, I think she is beautiful. The second, I think she is pretty. The third, I think she is gorgeous. The fourth, I think she is drop-dead gorgeous.

句子成分—表语: be, seem, appear   感官系动词：look, sound, feel, taste, smell; “变化”系动词：become, turn, run, go, come, get, grow, fall ;“保持”系动词：remain, keep, stand, leave, stay, lay, continue

 Honesty is the best policy.

She looked exhausted.

He is out. / He is not here.

Sheldon’s ambition is to be a Nobel Prize winner.

 The question is whether populations would put up with the inflation.

句子成分—补语: 宾补&主补;名词/形容词/副词/分词;补充说明

 I strongly advise you to apply for the position for designer.

 They called him the prince of gymnast.

 She heard the girl singing devotedly.

 Please keep me informed of the latest development.

 Tom is often caught sleeping in class.

 He is said to be the founder of modern astronomy.

句子成分—定语: 可前可后,名词/代词/形容词/介词短语/分词/句子

 The railway station is being under construction.

 Michele is a fashionable girl.

 Michele always wears clothes in fashion.

Telling jokes is a good way to make girls happy.

 She made a remark which started a heated discussion.

The composer that the manager fired was not qualified for the job.

句子成分—状语: 副词/形容词/介词短语/分词/句子等；时间/地点/原因/目的/结果/方式/条件/让步/比较等

 The travelers came back, safe and sound.

From space the astronaut saw a blue globe.

With all his faults, he is still a good guy.

 He looked around the table, his eyes flat, his face pale.

 It is never too late to learn.

 Don’t give up if you want to do something.

句子成分—同位语: 名词代词后,名词/代词/句子等

 We students should study hard and learn to be the person kind, honest and tolerant.

 Helping others is a good habit, one you can learn even at an early age.

 The saying that beauty is but skin deep is but a skin deep saying.

                    二、五大基本句型

基本句型1：主+谓+状语。 动词为不及物动词。英语中很多动词为不及物动词。用左手记忆

 We students should study hard and learn to be the person kind, honest and tolerant.

Helping others is a good habit, one you can learn even at an early age.

The saying that beauty is but skin deep is but a skin deep saying.

基本句型2：主+谓+宾。 动词为及物动词。英语中多数动词为及物动词，或既是及物又是不及物动词，此时它们的意义往往有很大的不同。用右手记忆

Time creates wonders.

 They watched the opening ceremony of London Games.

 The rapid development of tourism has created many opportunities.

I can’t stand being disturbed.

基本句型3：主+谓+间宾+直宾，或主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾. 常带双宾的动词有（to给）give, send,  lend, post, bring, take, show, tell，pass, hand, write, read, offer, sell, return （for为）buy, make, get, find, save, leave, fetch, cook, book用右脚记忆

David showed me the way to the stadium.

Television can give us so much, except the time to think.

Tell a man he is brave, and you help him to become so.

 Can you recommend a good comedy film to me?

 He is willing to show me how to train a dolphin.

基本句型4：主谓宾宾补用左脚记忆

     常带宾补的动词: (1)使役动词或表示叫、命令等意思的词 have, let, make, cause, get, send, ask, order, command, tell, warn, etc（2）感官动词see,watch, notice, find, hear, smell, etc

 We found the great hall full.

We found the great hall full of students and teachers.

 We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.

 We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by an expert from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe.

基本句型5：主系表用胸腹部记忆

 Time is money.

Speech is silver, silence is gold.

The basketball player Yao Ming is tall and strong.

The weather is becoming colder.

 She looked exhausted.

 The leaves is turning yellow.

三、三大句子结构

简单句：一个主谓结构

Time flies.

并列句：≧两个主谓结构： 分句+并列连词+分句

   常见的并列连词有：and, or, but, while, for, so, neither, nor； both …and, either…or, neither…nor, as well as, not only…but also； besides, furthermore, moreover

Love and you’ll be loved.

Be modest, or you will lag behind.  

Honesty is a virtue while greed is an evil.

I am nobody, nobody is perfect, so I am perfect.

Either you must improve your work or we shall dismiss you.

I’m not afraid of tomorrow for I have been yesterday and love today.

 Pip is not only a teacher; he also treats us like a friend.

复合句：1. 定语从句：The new house which I have just bought is located at the suburb.

2. 名词性从句：What JK Rowling wrote is the Harry Potter series.

3. 状语从句：He was making a phone call when she was doing paper work.