定语从句（二）

一、“介词 + 关系代词”结构

1. 可代替when, where, why, that等关系词。

e.g. There is no reason for which (why) we shouldn’t be friends.

2. 介词后面的关系词不能省略。

e.g. Here is the money with which to buy a piano.

3. that前不能有介词。

4. 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词 + 关系词”结构可以跟关系副词when 和where 互换。

e.g. This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
　 = This is the house where I lived two years ago.
   Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
　 = Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

 

二、关系副词的用法

关系副词	表示	从句成分	例句	备注
when	时间	时间状语	I will never forget the day when we met there.	可用on which代替
where	地点	地点状语	This is the house where I was born.	可用in which代替
why	原因	原因状语	I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.	可用for which代替

（一）基本用法

关系副词起连接主句和从句的作用，又在从句中作状语，when, where和why分别表示时间，地点和原因。

1. when

  在从句中作时间状语。常用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。

e.g. April the first is the day when people make fun of others.

 = April the first is the day on which people make fun of others.

2. where

  在从句中作地点状语。常可由in which, on which, at which, on which等取代。

e.g. This is the house where he lived two years ago.

  = This is the house in which he lived two years ago.

3. why

   why在定语从句中作原因状语。可用for which代替。why不可引导非限定性定语从句，此时可用for which代替。

e.g. This is the reason why he went away.

  = This is the reason for which he went away.

（二）关系副词常可用“介词 + 关系代词”的结构改写

这里的关系代词只限于which和whom，例如

(1) I will never forget the night when I met you for the first time.

= I will never forget the night on which I met you for the first time.

(2) This is the house in which I lived two years ago.

= This is the house where I lived two years ago.

(3) We don’t know the reason for which he suddenly fell ill.

= We don’t know the reason why he suddenly fell ill.

注意：并不是所有的介词 + 关系代词的结构都可用关系副词替代。

e.g. I am very impressed by the way in which he works.

这里in which 代表的是in the way, 在句中作方式状语。只有当介词 + 关系代词结构作表示时间、地点和原因的状语时，才能相应地用when, where和why代替。

（三）如何判断是用关系代词还是关系副词

这本质上取决于关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中充当的成分。前者充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，后者充当状语。

试比较下面两组句子：

(1) This is the factory that/which produces radios.

This is the factory where radios are produced.

第一句中划线部分在从句中作主语，故而应选用关系代词：The factory produces radios.

而第二句中划线部分在从句中作地点状语，故而应选用关系副词：Radios are produced in the factory.

(2) Do you remember the days (that) we spent together?

Do you remember the days when we worked together?

第一句中关系代词在从句中作宾语：We spent the days together.

而第二句中关系副词作时间状语：We worked together during the days.

（四）一些需要特殊记忆的关系词的用法

1. I don’t like the way in which he look at people.

   当先行词是way时，除了in which，还可以用that来引导定语从句。that还经常省略。e.g. Judging from the way he walked, I believe he was wounded in the leg.

2. Finally came the day when he had to leave his hometown.

   当先行词为time, moment, day等，并在从句中作状语时，从句也可以用that引导，that也常省略。例如：

(1) It was the first time (that) we had stayed up so late.

(2) The moment (that/when) he sent the mail, John realized what a mistake he had made.

(3) She was the only girl I went steady with during the four years (that /when) I was at university.

 

三、关系副词的省略

1. the time, every time, each time, the moment等后的关系副词可以省略。

e.g. By the time (when) he was fourteen years old, Jim had learnt more than two thousand English words.

2. 在某些表示地点的名词后，关系副词有时也可以省略。如the place等。

e.g. This is the place (where) I saw him last time.

3. 先行词the reason后面的关系副词可以省略。

e.g. The reason (why) he came here is quite clear.

4. 当先行词是way时，关系副词常常省略。

e.g. I know the way (that) he learns English.

 

四、判断关系代词与关系副词的方法
1. 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面没有宾语，就      

必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。

e.g. (1) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.        (×)

(2) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.  (×)
(3) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.      (√)
(4) I’ll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.  (√)

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
2. 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语），也就能正确选   

择出关系代词/关系副词。
e.g. (1) Is this museum ______ you visited a few days age?
　    A. where　  B. that　 C. on which　  D. the one
   (2) Is this the museum ______ the exhibition was held.
　    A. where　　B. that　 C. on which　　D. the one
答案： 1. D  2. A

(1) 变为肯定句：This museum is _____ you visited a few days ago.

(2) 变为肯定句：This is the museum _____ the exhibition was held.
    在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
    而句2中, 主语、谓语、宾语俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主语、定语、宾语时，选择关系代词who, whom, that, which, whose；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 where（地点状语），when（时间状语），why（原因状语）。

 

 

语法知识拓展

一、选择适当的关系代词或关系副词把下列句子补充完整。

1. His father died in the year _________ he was born.

2. He is unlikely to find the place _________ he lived forty years ago.

3. Do you remember the day _________ you joined our club?

4. Recently I bought a beautiful vase _______ price was quite reasonable.

5. The reason _______ I came here is to get your help.

6. I got the book in a small bookstore, the name of ______ I cannot remember.

7. I will never forget the day ______ we first met.

8. Is this the factory _______ you once worked for?

9. Is that the reason _______ he gave for his terrible behavior?

10. The kind girl _______ shared her umbrella with me this morning turned out to be my boss.

 

二、用定语从句合并下列句子。

1. Bamboo grows well in these places.

  It’s warm and wet all year round in these places.

  _________________________________________________________________________

2. Shall we go shopping this weekend?

  I’ll have finished all my work by then.

  _________________________________________________________________________

3. Sandy is not a very popular singer, because of his strange way.

  He dances in a strange way.

  __________________________________________________________________________

4. Is there any reason?

  They don’t agree with each other on anything.

  __________________________________________________________________________

5. How can I forget that birthday?

  I was caught cheating on that day.

  __________________________________________________________________________

 

三、单项填空。

1. Do you know the reason        Tom didn’t come yesterday?

A. which                   B. why                    C. who                    D. that

2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town ______ he grew up as a child.

A. which                    B. where            C. that              D. when

3. Is this the reason         she gave for not finishing her homework yesterday?

A. why                     B. for which        C. that              D. to which

4. After the war, a new school was put up ______ there had once been a theatre.

A. that                  B. which          C. when          D. where

5. Do you know the reason ______ she got so angry yesterday?

A. why                    B. that             C. which          D. whom

6. Do you believe the reason ______ he gave for his being late?

A. why                        B. for which       C. which            D. it

7. He has got himself into a dangerous situation ______ he is likely to lose control over the plane.

A. where                       B. which            C. while             D. when

8. I don’t like the way _____ you speak to her.

A. which                       B. /                          C. of which        D. by which

9. The old man told us _____ the days ______ he was poor were gone.

A. that, when                     B. what, when     C. when, that        D. something, that

10. I shall never forget the day ____ Shenzhou V was launched, ____ has a great effect on my life.

    A. when; which           B. that; which      C. which; that       D. when; that

11. I walked in the garden, ____ Tom and Jim were tying a big string onto one of the trees.

    A. which                           B. when                C. where               D .that

12. Let’s put off the picnic until next week, ______ the weather may be better.

    A. as                             B. then                C. if                      D. when

13. We are living in an age        many things are done on computer.

   A. which                      B. that                C. whose           D. when

14. Winter is the time of year _____ the days are short and nights are long. 

    A. that                            B. which              C. when                D. whose 

15. Is there anyone in your class _____ family is in the city?

    A. which                       B. whose               C. what                  D. who 

16. Can you suggest a time ______ we can meet? 

A. which                        B. when                C. where               D. how 

17. These days _____ we spent together cannot be easily forgotten. 

A. that                               B. when                       C. on which           D. at which 

18. Nearly all the food ______ comes from animals and plants. 

A. that eat                      B. is eaten                    C. we eat                      D. that eats 

19. This is _____ I can do for you right now. 

A. which                        B. that                          C. what                 D. as 

20. I can still remember the sitting-room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening. 

A. what                              B. which               C. that                           D. where

21. On the train I saw a student _____ I thought was your sister. 

A. who                              B. whom               C. which                D. that 

22. Egypt is a country _____ is famous for its pyramids.

A. where                        B. which               C. in which                   D. at which 

23. China is the country _____ he spent the best part of his life. 

A. where                        B. which               C. in that               D. at which 

24. Have you got anything _____ belongs to me? 

A. which                        B. that                          C. of which                  D. what 

25. This is the magazine _____ I copied the paragraph.

A. that                          B. which               C. from that          D. from which

26. I didn’t like the way _____ she treated children. 

A. which                        B. that                          C. how                          D. as 

27. He is the only one of the three _____ got the new idea.　

A. who have　  　     B. whom have  　C. who has　 　    D. whose had

28. The boss _____ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women.　

A. in which　                 B. in that　           C. in whose           D. whose

29. Alec asked the policeman _____ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. 

A. with him                   B. who                 C. with whom      D. whom  

30. It was at our college library _____ I borrowed the novel. 

   A. which                        B. in which                   C. that                          D. where 

 

四、改错。

1. Is this the museum the one the exhibition was held?

________________________________________________________________________

2. Who is late for the meeting tomorrow will be punished.

________________________________________________________________________

3. That is not the hospital that I stayed last time.

________________________________________________________________________

4. I am looking forward to the day which I become independent.

________________________________________________________________________

5. Why do you believe a person once told so many lies?

________________________________________________________________________

6. Nobody will forget the earthquake happened in Sichuan.

________________________________________________________________________

7. He is one of the students who is never late.

________________________________________________________________________

 

五、真题回顾。

1. Occasions are quite rare _____ I have the time to spend a day with my kids. (2008山东)

A. who                         B. which               C. why                         D. when

2. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ______ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. (2008江西)

  A. where                   B. when                C. who                         D. which

3. All the neighbors admire the family _____ the parents are treating their child like a friend. (2008安徽)

A. why                         B. where               C. which                      D. that

4. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _____ sight matters more than hearing. (2007天津)

A. when                B. whose            C. which                   D. where

5. Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases ______ beginners of English fail to use the language properly. (2007陕西)

A. which                B. as                   C. why                      D. where

6. —Where did you get to know her?

　—It was on the farm _______ we worked. (2007山东)

A. that                B. there             C. which                   D. where

7. After graduation she reached a point in her career _____ she heeded to decision what to do. (2007江西)

A. that              B. what            C. which                  D. where

8. The village has developed a lot         we learned farming two years ago. (2007福建)

A. when                    B. which               C. that                          D. where

9. If a shop has chairs _______ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. (2005上海)

A. that                   B. which               C. when                       D. where

10. There were dirty marks on her trousers _______ she had wiped her hands. (2004广西)

A. where             B. which            C. when                   D. that  

 

参考答案

一、选择适当的关系代词that, which, who, whom或whose，把下列句子补充完整。

1. when   2. where   3. when   4.whose   5. why

6. which   7. (when)   8. (that/which)   9. (that)   10. who/that

 

二、用定语从句合并下列句子。

1. Bamboo grows well in places where it’s warm and wet all year round.

2. Shall we go shopping this weekend by which time I’ll have finished all my work.?

3. Sandy is not a very popular singer because of the strange way he dances.

4. Is there any reason why they don’t agree with each other on anything?

5. How can I forget that birthday when I was caught cheating?

 

三、单项填空。

1-5 BBCDA  6-10 CABAA  11-15CDDCB  16-20 BACCD  21-25 ABABD  26-30 BCCCC

 

四、改错。

1. Is this the museum where the exhibition was held? 或者

  Is this museum the one where the exhibition was held.

2. Whoever is late for the meeting tomorrow will be punished.或者

Anyone who is late for the meeting tomorrow will be punished.

3. That is not the hospital where/ in which I stayed last time.

4. I am looking forward to the day when /on which I become independent.

5. Why do you believe a person who/that once told so many lies?

6. Nobody will forget the earthquake that/which happened in Sichuan.

7. He is one of the students who are never late.

 

五、真题回顾。     

1-5 DABDD  6-10 DDDDA