【看纪录片学单词】之《城市化》_许泽传

内容简介：当你在大街上漫步时，你看到的所有东西都是经过设计的：人行道的宽度，每栋楼的高度，每个街区多少店铺，绿化的规模，街头的设施等等。有些城市设计得好，有的城市却有各种问题，各个城市也有它的特色，生活在里边的市民有独特的城市荣誉感。该片介绍了几个有代表性的城市政府在住房、交通、公共设施方面做的努力，以及政府和市民共同参规划取得的成果。也例举了一些反面例子，分析它们衰败的原因和有可能的复兴方式，最后提出了未来城市的发展将面临的挑战。总之，这是一部很难得的社会类纪录片，非常值得一看。（影片有点长，集中精力看前面一个小时）

影片长度：85 分钟

词汇统计：

★ 四级词汇： 71 个

★★ 六级词汇： 32 个

★★★ 雅思、托福及以上词汇： 33 个

学习指南：以下单词均出自影片台词，前面标一星的为四级词汇，二星的为六级词汇，三星的为雅思、托福及以上词汇。大家根据自己的考试要求选择性学习。【看纪录片学单词】可分三步进行，第一步：把影片完整看一遍，可看中文字幕，了解影片内容。第二步：看一小段，然后对照下面的单词进行学习。学完以后进行第三步，即再次把影片从头到尾看一遍，重温重点词汇和好的口语表达以及背景知识，最后还需反复浏览以下这些词句。

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★★★ coalesce v.合并

Cities today have been doing the same thing that they've done for three, four, five thousand years. They've been the place where the flows of people, the flows of money, the flows of goods have coalesced. 今天的城市三千、四千甚至是五千年来始终扮演着同样一种角色，它们一直是人流、物流和金钱所交汇的地方。

★★ manifestation n.显示，表现

Cities are always the physical manifestation of the big forces at play. Economic forces, social forces, environmental forces. 城市永远是那些巨大力量的具体展示，经济力量，社会力量，环境力量。

★ solitary a.独自的

★ enterprise n.事业

★★ multi-disciplinary a.多学科的

★ perspective n.观点，角度

★ agenda n.议程

The thing about urban design is that unlike it being a solitary enterprise of an artist sitting in her or his studio, what you really have is a multi-disciplinary group of people coming together working on the same project but coming from very different perspectives, having different agendas, and different roles. 搞城市规划，不是独自窝在自己的工作室里就能搞好的，事实上它是一群不同学科的专家在一个项目上合作，从各自不同的角度，有着不同的计划，扮演着不同的角色。

★ architect n.建筑师

★ component n.成分

★★ landmark n.地标

★★★ fruition n.完成，成就

So you've got the architect. You've got the developer or group of developers. You have state and federal and city agencies. You have the public, which is a major component. You have landmarks or other historically minded groups. And they all come together to work against and with each other in order to bring the project to fruition. 其中有建筑师，有开发商或者是开发团队，还有市政建设相关部门，占绝大部分的还有大众的意见，之后还有当地的地标性建筑和文物保护团体，所有这些人聚集在一起或互相牵制或共同合作来将一个项目化为实际。

★ temporary a.临时的

★★ intervention n.干预

★ massive a.巨大的

★★ infrastructure n.基础设施

★ transportation n.交通运输

★★★ eventuality n.可能发生的事

These can range from small, temporary interventions to massive large-scale infrastructural projects. Forces of change are happening on every level, technological change, new forms and modes of transportation, the eventualities of man-made and natural disasters. These are all things that are going to be addressed by urban design. 它包含从小的临时的公共干预，到大规模城市基础建设，不同因素的不同变化在各种层面上都在不断改变，科技的变化，新的交通运输方法，人为事物和自然灾难之间的不确定性，这些都是将要被城市规划所涉及到的。

★ enormous a.巨大的

★ strain n.压力

★ roughly ad.大概

★★★ urban dweller 城市居民

★ slum n.贫民窟

★★★ amenity n.便利设施

★★★ sewer n.下水道

★★★ sanitation n.公共卫生

The pace now is putting an enormous amount of pressure and strain on any system which has limited resources. 33% roughly of new urban dwellers today live in slums. That's a third of the world's population without the most basic amenities, without sewers, without water, without sanitation. 这样的发展节奏给城市的各个系统在资源有限的情况下带来了巨大的压力，大概有百分之三十三的城市居民如今居住在贫民窟中，那可是世界人口的三分之一，没有基础设施，没有下水管道，没有自来水,没有卫生保障。

★ adequate a.足够的

★★★ sanitation n.公共卫生

★ ratio n.比例

The city says that if there is one toilet for 50 people, that is 10 families have one toilet seat, it means they have is adequate sanitation. But in 1989 the ratio of people to a toilet seat was 900 people to a toilet seat. Today it's come down to 600. 城市规划上来看，如果一个卫生间同时为50个人服务，那么就可以理解为10个家庭公用一个马桶，这刚好满足足够的卫生条件。但在1989年这个比例是900个人公用一个马桶，到了现在才刚刚降到600个。

★ prospect n.前景

★ trend n.趋势

★★ profoundly ad.极度地

★★★ slit the wrist 割腕自杀

You know, it's very easy to get incredibly pessimistic and dark about the prospects looking forward, because if you just look at the numbers and the trend lines, it is profoundly depressing, I mean, you just want to slit your wrists basically, so this is not a healthy area of research and engagement. 你知道，非常容易就会变得异常悲观，未来的前景变得不容乐观，因为只要你看看这些数字和发展走势图，我觉得那可是非常的让人压抑的，你光看着它就觉得差不多想要割腕子了，所以这个领域的研究活动并不是那样的健康向上。

★★ innovator n.改革者，创新者

★ demonstrate v.展示，证明

★ mainstream n.主流

But that said, at the same time, we know from history is that you really need a small group of innovators, a small group of people that can demonstrate how to do things differently, and once that gets mainstreamed, change happens really quickly. 但是，与此同时，我们从历史中学到，这恰恰需要有一小部分的创新人群来示范事情如何能变得有所改观，而一旦这种变化变成主流趋势，变化就会自然而然的很快发生了。

★ migration n.迁移

★★★ urbanization n.城市化

★ urgency n.紧急事物

If we do not take care about how the process of migration towards cities is going to happen, the process of urbanization is going to happen in the form of slums. So we're in an urgency to generate the conditions so that the flow of people into cities happens in a good way. 如果我们不能很好的应对这些城市移民的话，那么城市化进程将会转变为贫民窟的不断增长，所以当务之急是要创造出这样一种条件，让人们可以很好的迁入城市。

★ priority n.优先考虑的事

With the Lo Barnechea project the main priority was location. 在Lo Barnechea这个项目中首要考虑的是选址。

★★ subsidy n.补助

★★ infrastructure n.基础设施

With a subsidy that is about $10,000 that is given to a poor family that will then become an owner of the house, we had to buy the land, provide the infrastructure, and build the houses. 被资助大约一万美元的津贴，这些贫困家庭以后将成为这房屋的拥有者，我们得购买这些土地，提供基础设施，还要建造这些房屋。

★ facilitate vt.推动，促进，使便利

Think about the final stage and how design can facilitate families' lives to achieve that middle income standard in the future. That's how quality should be measured. 想想最后阶段和如何设计才能便利服务一家人的生活，同时又能在未来使他们达到中产阶级的生活标准，这才是衡量质量的合适标准。

★★★ logistical n.运筹的

★★ advantageous a.有利的

★ specifically ad.特别地

Historically cities have come into being for many different reasons. Cities grow up around logistical issues, for example, on a port, or somewhere that is advantageous specifically for trade. It's almost always an economic question. 从历史上讲，城市的产生有着许多不同的原因，城市可能因为运筹方面的原因应运而生，比如建造在港口附近，或者是由于商贸方面的便利条件，它几乎总是跟经济挂钩。

★★★ congestion n.拥挤

★★★ insalubrity n.不卫生

By the mid-1800's industrialization had been a reality for a couple of decades already in the major cities of Western Europe, and the congestion, the insalubrity, the un-livability of those cities made it such that there needed to be some sort of a solution. 在19世纪中期，工业化已经在西欧各大城市有了十几年的发展，那些城市的拥堵状况，健康困扰和不适居的情况导致了对于解决办法的需求。

★ radically ad.彻底地

★★★ demolish vt.拆除

★ eliminate v.消除

★★ medieval a.中世纪的

★★ roundabout n.迂回路线

★ iconic a.象征性的

In Paris, Baron Haussmann comes in and radically demolishes the city eliminating all of its medieval streets, its slums, and rebuilds the city with the roundabouts and the other iconic elements of Paris. 在巴黎，豪斯曼男爵彻底的销毁这座城市，拆除了所有中世纪的街道，贫民窟并且重建了这座城市，采用迂回道路的设计，同时新建了其他的标志性建筑。

★ architectural a.建筑的

★★ legacy n.遗产

★★★ boulevard n.林荫大道

★★ civic a.市民的

★★ arena n.舞台，竞技场

Unlike Europe, America's cities didn't have a really strong architectural legacy. City Beautiful was a movement to bring the grand boulevards and large civic arenas of classical architecture into American cities, to encourage a kind of civic pride. 与欧洲不同，美国城市当时并没有大量的建筑遗产，城市美化运动将带有古典建筑特色的宽阔的林荫大道和城市剧场引入美国，来增强一种城市荣誉感。

★★ graphic design 平面设计

★★★ minimalist a.极简抽象的

★ rational a.理性的

Modern city/urban planning is very similar to modern graphic design or modern industrial design, it's minimalist, very ordered, very rational, separate everything out. 现代化城市规划和现代图形设计或者现代工业设计非常的类似，都是极简抽象主义，非常具有规律，非常理性，将一些分离的井井有条。

★ ultimate a.终极的

★★ manifest v.显示，展现

★★ trample vi.脚步沉重得走

Brasilia was the ultimate Modernistic city, built on all the ideas of the Modernistic manifests. It looks fantastic from the airplane, but if you are down at eye level on your feet going from one place to another, Brasilia is a disaster. Every distance is too wide, things are not connected. You have to trample for endless miles and miles along completely straight paths. 巴西利亚是一座终极的现代主义城市，根据所有现代主义设计理念建造，从飞机上来看的话，感觉非常棒。但是当你切身实地的从一个地方走到另一个地方，巴西利亚就是个灾难。所有的距离都太远了，一切事物都是分离的，你得一直在一条条无尽的笔直的路上颠簸。

★★ pedestrian n.行人

★ enormous a.巨大的

Of course it makes a certain logic to separate things out. You don't want cars and pedestrians in the same place, it's not safe. But as we've certainly come to experience, if you design the city so that every single trip has to made by car, suddenly you aren't zipping around anymore, you're stuck in enormous traffic jams. 当然了，把所有东西都分离出来十分的逻辑，你不愿把汽车和行人放在一起，那不安全。但是通过实践我们深切的体会到，如果你把这个城市设计成不管到哪里都要汽车才能到的话，一下子你就不再是那么悠哉的到处跑，而是被卡在交通堵塞中了。

★ automobile n.汽车

★ impact n.影响

★★★ detrimental a.不利的，有害的

★★ congestion n.拥挤

★ radically ad.根本地

The 1950's is when the automobile starts to have a real impact on cities, especially American cities, and a largely a detrimental effect. Not only do you have increased means of access to the city, bringing more cars, and creating congestion, and noise, but also radically changing the way cities are designed. And this is becoming increasingly a global issue, especially in developing countries. 到了20世纪五十年代，汽车马上给城市带来了强大的冲击，尤其是美国的一些城市，有着不少负面作用。不但有了更多到达城市的方式，有更多的车辆，制造拥堵和噪音，同时又从根本上改变了城市建设的方式，而这渐渐地变成了世界性问题，尤其是在发展中国家。

★ restrict v.限制

The only way to solve traffic jams is to restrict car use. And the most obvious way to restrict car use is restricting parking. 解决交通拥堵的最好办法就是限制汽车的使用，那么最明显的方法就是限制停车。

★ Constitution n.宪法

In our Constitution, there are many rights, the right to housing, to education, to health, but I don't find the right to park. I don't see any Constitution which includes the right to park. 我们的宪法中有许多的权利，居住、教育、健康，但是我没有找到停车的权利，我没见过哪个宪法把有权停车收在宪法中。

★ exclusive a.专用的

★ lane n.车道

★★ simultaneously ad.同时地

Buses go on exclusive lanes. People pay when they enter the station. When the busses arrive, the station doors open simultaneously with the bus doors. You can get 100 people out and 100 people onto the bus in seconds. 公交走固定车道，人们进站的时候付钱，当公交来了，站台门和车门同时打开，上百人可以在短时间里同时进出。

★★ pedestrian n.行人

★ pavement n.人行道，路面

★ priority n.优先

★ dignity n.尊严

And here is something interesting, you can see how the pedestrians and bicycles have pavement, and the cars are in the mud. So it's a priority for the pedestrians and the bicycles and then later sometime we will pay for the cars. But first the pedestrians, so this completely shows respect for human dignity, for everybody, not just those who have cars who normally think they are the important ones in developing country cities. 有趣的是，你可以看到步行和自行车都道路，而汽车却在泥地里行走，所以这是步行者和骑行者优先的表现，之后的某个时间，我们再考虑建汽车专用通道。但是行人优先，这便是对每一位人类个体的尊严的尊重，不仅仅是那些在发展中城市里有车的自以为重要的人。

★ distinctive a.与众不同的

In Copenhagen we have, for 30 or 40 years, had this very distinctive policy to invite people to bicycle as much as possible. There is a complete network of bicycle lanes citywide. In what we call Copenhagen-style bicycle lane. 在哥本哈根，有一项特别的政策已经推行了30到40年，那就是鼓励更多的人尽可能地骑自行车，城市范围内有着一张完整的自行车道网络，我们叫做哥本哈根式自行车道。

★★ showcase v.展现

★ authentic a.真实的

★★★ manicured a.修剪整齐的

Having the grasses and flowers come up through the paving was a big part of the design. It really is about showcasing Manhattan in a way that is authentic. It's not overly manicured, or overly scripted. 让野草和野花融入步道是设计的一个大块，实际上这一切都是展现曼哈顿真实的一面，既不刻意修饰，也不过度夸张。

★★ parameter n.参数，界限

We can't actually design the architecture, we can't design the storefront, but at least we can set up these basic parameters that give you the best possibility that this will be a great street. 我们不会真正去设计建筑什么样子，我们不是去设计店面，但是我们可以设计基本的界限，为未来美丽的街道提供出一种可能性。

★★★ sprawl n.蔓延，城市无计划扩张

★★★ pornography n.色情文学

★ consensus n.一致意见，共识

Defining sprawl is a little bit like defining pornography, you know it when you see it. There is no consensus on any one single definition of sprawl. 定义城市无计划扩张有点像定义色情片，你看到就明白了，对城市扩张还没有一致的定义。

★★★ sprawl n.蔓延，城市无计划扩张

★★★ pejorative a.贬义的

★★★ bucolic a.田园的

★★★ subdivision n.(为建房而划分的) 区域

★ preserve vt.保存，保护

The main negative of sprawl, as it is used as a pejorative term to me, is it spreads everyone out over a larger area of land, and eats up the bucolic, rural villages of Vermont, by overrunning them with subdivisions, and that that would be a better lifestyle to preserve. 城市扩张对我来说是个贬义词，其主要的弊端是它把人们散布到了更广阔的土地上，侵蚀维蒙特充满田园风光的乡村，用住宅小区不断侵占乡村，然而后者也许是更应该保留的生活方式。

★ eliminate v.消除

★ compact a.紧凑的

It's certainly not about eliminating the suburbs. But we need a different vision, with walkable, compact, connected communities. 这当然不是要去抹除郊区，但是我们确实需要一种不同的观点，要有步行即可贯穿的，密集的，联系紧密的社区。

★ dynamic a.有活力的

★ organism n.有机体

★ bloom v.蓬勃发展

★ collapse v.崩溃

★ boom v.繁荣，兴旺

★ shrink v.收缩

Cities are extremely dynamic organisms. Throughout the history of the world we've watched cities that bloomed and then collapsed. And similarly we see now amongst our cities and our suburbs, some of them are growing and still booming and more and more people want to live there, and others are shrinking. 纵观世界历史,城市是十分活跃的有机体，我们目睹过城市的兴起和没落。现今在城市与郊区，我们能看到同样的状况，它们当中有些仍在扩张壮大，许多人向往着去那里生活，但有的城市却在一点点的缩水。

★★ metropolitan a.大都市的

★ shrink v.收缩

Detroit was once two million people. And a metropolitan area that really was the center of industrial production, not just in the United States, but in the world. The city has shrunk back to about 700,000 people. It's a city of 138 square miles. You could fit Boston, San Francisco, and Atlanta inside the boundaries of the city of Detroit. It's that big. 底特律曾经是一个200万人口的城市，它曾是一座大都市，是工业生产的中心，不仅仅是美国的，而且是全世界的工业中心。现在这个城市缩水到了70万人，这座占地138平方英里的城市, 你完全可以把波士顿、旧金山和亚特兰大这样的城市放在底特律市内，它就有那么大。

★ entrepreneur n.企业家

★★ innovate v.创新

★★ legacy n.遗产

If we think creatively, if we think as entrepreneurs, there is no reason that in 15, 25, 35 years, we should be looking at a very different Detroit. But we have to change our mental state. We should be innovating on how to crack the code on low carbon and climate change. And we should be doing that in places like Southeast Michigan, given the legacy of production, and innovation, and science, and engineering. That's what we should be doing. 如果我们想的创造性一点，如果我们站在企业的角度上讲，在未来的15、25、35年里, 没有理由不会有一个新的不同的底特律出现。但是我们必须转变思维定式，我们在低碳和气候变化上要充满创新精神，我们应该在类似密西根东南部的地方行动起来，鉴于哪里的工业遗产和革新精神，以及科学智慧与工程技术的支持，那才是我们应该去做的。

★★★ horrendous a.可怕的

As China builds its cities, as India builds its cities, it can't just take the recipe from 20th century America and apply it to 21st century China or 21st century India. That would be horrendous for them, and it would be horrendous frankly for all of us. 当中国和印度在建造它们的城市时，不能简单地照搬20世纪美国的方法，然后运用到21世纪今天的中国和印度，这对他们和我们来说都是十分可怕的。

★ participant n.参与者

★ promising a.有前景的

★ sustained a.持续的，持久的

Over the first three weeks of the project, the average electricity usage of the participants came down by 15%. So it's promising. And we're hoping that that change will be sustained. 在开始的三周里，平均用电降低了百分之十五，所以这一切看起来前景不错，我们希望这个变化能够持久。

★ transformation n.转变

★★★ sewer n.下水道

★ equivalent n.等价物，相当物

The big transformation of the city happened through technology, for example, in the past, technology that would take away the open sewers and create the networks of roads. What is the equivalent now of those new technologies? 城市的巨大转型来自于科技，例如，在过去，科技能处理露天水沟，创造公路网来取而代之，如今那些新科技又能转变些什么呢？

★★ gangster n.土匪

★★ mug v.袭击，抢劫

★★★ thug n.暴徒

Those spaces were used by gangsters to attack the community when they go to work, when they pass by. People were robbed, they were mugged, people's stuff was taken by the thugs. And when VPUU was introduced into the community by the KDF and the city, that made a big change. 这些空地都是当地黑帮用来攻击当地社区的，当人们去工作，当他们经过这里的时候，他们被抢劫，人们的东西被恶徒抢走。但是当VPUU在城市和KDF的指导下进入这片区域后，这里发生了巨大变化。

★ impose v.把……强加于

★★ paradoxically ad.反常地

★ strategic a.战略上的

When you have extreme conditions like that, the answer's not for government to sort of float in and to say what the solution is and to, in a way, impose it on people. But that paradoxically even though the needs are obvious, it then becomes even more important to systematically involve people who live these realities in trying to figure out what's the most strategic way to respond. 当有极端的状况发生，解决办法并不是政府突然介入，说应该怎样怎样解决，也就是告诉人们该怎么做。相反，人们迫切需要的是，让人们能够系统化地参与进来，根据他们所处的境地找出应对策略。

★★★ devastation n.毁灭

★ widespread a.广泛传播的

In New Orleans, the devastation was so widespread. It was a tragic horror. And the problem with the Lower 9th Ward is, there was no recovery plan. 在新奥尔良，这种绝望感到处蔓延，简直是悲剧般的恐怖感，对于第九瓦德大道的问题是，它根本没有恢复方案。

★ fatigue n.疲劳

★ noticeable a.显而易见的

★ resident n.居民

★ vacant a.空着的

In New Orleans people talk about planning fatigue. After Katrina, lots of people went to lots of community meetings and put lots of stickers on lots of maps. Oftentimes they didn't really see any noticeable change. So I thought, well, what if local residents had better tools to shape the future businesses in their neighborhood and beyond? And so I thought, well there are a lot of vacant storefronts, where better to ask for civic input than on the very space that we are trying to improve. 在新奥尔良人们都说这是规划疲劳，卡特娜飓风后，许多人参加社区会议，然后在地图上贴小标签，但是他们却看不到什么明显的改变。所以我想，也许当地居民有更好的办法来塑造这里未来的商业和街区环境呢。于是我想,这里既然有这么多的空白店面，为什么不问问他们想要的是什么，想要改善什么。

★★ optimism n.乐观

★★★ strata n.阶层

There's an optimism about cities in this century. There's a sense we're creating something that is truly global. And we're creating networks of people, not experts, people of all strata of society who are involved in the building of something special.本世纪关于城市有一种乐观学说，某种意义上我们创造的是真正的全球化，我们在创建人群网络，不是指专家，而是社会各层人士都参与到建设奇特的建筑中。

★★★ obsess v.使……着迷

I'm city obsessed, always been city obsessed, grew up in New York, so who would not be. But this is the century for city lovers. This is where it happens. 我为城市所着迷，一直都是，在纽约长大，谁不会着迷呢。而这就是属于城市热爱者的世纪，一切都是在这里发生的。

(因有部分敏感词汇，博客版有些不完整，推荐下载PDF版，地址见文章开头处)

附：许泽传老师【看纪录片学单词】系列作品集

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_64056dbf0101oagt.html

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