【看纪录片学单词】之《黄石公园.03.秋》_许泽传

内容简介：秋天是黄石公园最短变化最快的季节，短短两个月的时间动物必须准备好迎接冬天。野牛、大角羊可以靠强大的身躯挺过冬天，而麋鹿、叉角羚必须往低处迁徙，狼群曾经一度备受争议，但最终还是重新引入为了维持生态平衡。海狸在整个秋天都忙着放倒一棵棵大叔来建造他的堤坝，松鼠在储备松果的同时却没有想到会受到灰熊的侵袭，星鸦把松仁带到十几英里之外，10颗一组播种到地里，尽管他能记住70%，但最终被遗忘的30%的种子，让松树在来年的春天生根发芽……

影片长度：49 分钟

词汇统计：

★ 四级词汇： 88 个

★★ 六级词汇： 31 个

★★★ 雅思、托福及以上词汇： 92 个

学习指南：以下单词均出自影片台词，前面标一星的为四级词汇，二星的为六级词汇，三星的为雅思、托福及以上词汇。大家根据自己的考试要求选择性学习。【看纪录片学单词】可分三步进行，第一步：把影片完整看一遍，可看中文字幕，了解影片内容。第二步：看一小段，然后对照下面的单词进行学习。学完以后进行第三步，即再次把影片从头到尾看一遍，重温重点词汇和好的口语表达以及背景知识，最后还需反复浏览以下这些词句。

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★★ unveil v.揭开

★★★ wilderness n.荒野

★ precious a.珍贵的

★ blossom v.繁荣，兴旺

The heat of the summer has unveiled the full extent of the Yellowstone wilderness and for a few precious months it has blossomed. But now Yellowstone is changing. In just a few weeks the snow and ice of winter will be back. 夏天的热浪揭开了黄石公园的荒野全境的本来面目，而且在可贵的寥寥数月里它欣欣向荣。但现在黄石公园又面临变化，数周之内冰和雪的冬天将重返这里。

★★★ testosterone n.睾丸酮

★★★ bugle call 号角声

★★★ elk n.麋鹿

★ boast n.值得炫耀的事物

★★ dominance n.统治，支配

Fuelled by testosterone the bugle call of this male elk is a boast of his strength. All over Yellowstone male elk are challenging each other for dominance. The sound of Yellowstone's autumn. 在睾酮的影响下，公麋鹿用炫耀力量的号角召唤这只母麋鹿。黄石公园里到处都是公麋鹿在为了获得统治地位相互挑战，黄石秋天的声音。

★ in earnest 严肃地，认真地

★ valley n.山谷

★ whilst conj.然而

★ boundary n.边界

Winter will soon be here. They are eager to head down to lower ground before the snow comes in earnest. Some will move down into nearby valleys whilst others will journey much further even beyond the boundaries of Yellowstone itself. 这里很快会入冬，他们迫切的想在雪真正地下起来之前下到低海拔的地方，有一些会转入附近的山谷其他的则迁徙得更远，甚至超越黄石公园的边界。

★ isolated a.孤独的

★★ plateau n.高原

★★★ rugged a.崎岖的

★ spectacular a.壮观的

★★★ wilderness n.荒野

Yellowstone is deep in the Rocky Mountains of North America an isolated high plateau defended by rugged peaks. In the middle is the National Park. The park and the surrounding mountains form one of the most important and spectacular wilderness areas on Earth. 黄石位于北美洛矶山脉深处，被起伏的峰峦环绕的一个孤立的高原。其中央的是国家公园，公园和周围的群山形成了地球上最重要和壮观的自然保护区。

★★ linger vi.徘徊

★★★ revitalize v.使……恢复生气

But for now below the snow-dusted peaks summer still lingers in the heart of Yellowstone. The sun has revitalized this place and now there are more living things here than at any time of the year. 但是现在在雪峰之下，夏天仍然逗留在黄石公园的心脏，太阳使这个地方恢复了生机，现在这里的生物比一年之中任何时候都要多。

★★★ vibrant a.充满活力的

★★★ geyser n.喷泉

The summer has brought visitors too who are enjoying Yellowstone at its most vibrant. As the sun now starts to get lower in the sky the rich colors make this one of the best times to see the geysers. 夏天也带来游客，他们正在欣赏最具活力的黄石公园。当太阳在天空中所划的弧线逐渐变低，丰富的色彩使之成为观赏喷泉的最佳时光之一。

★★★ bison n.北美野牛

★★ grazing n.放牧，吃草

★★★ parched a.炎热的

★★ meadow n.草地

On the grasslands the good times are already over. These bison are making the most of the grazing but it is now dry and parched. From now on they will have to rely heavily on stored fat to keep them going as these meadows become covered in more than four feet of snow. 在牧草地上美好时光已经结束，这些野牛占了目前在此觅食的多数，而现在这里非常干旱和炎热。从现在起他们将严重依赖储存起来的脂肪来继续生活，在这些草地被超过四尺厚的雪掩盖的时候。

★★★ pronghorn n.叉角羚

★ evolve v.进化

★★★ outrun vt.超过

★★ extinct a.灭绝了的

★★★ cheetah n.猎豹

★★★ antelope n.羚羊

★★★ bison n.北美野牛

Pronghorn evolved to outrun a now-extinct North American cheetah and so are the fastest antelope on Earth. But unlike bison their lightweight bodies can't store enough energy to keep them here through the winter. So now they must head out. 叉角羚进化到超越现已灭绝的北美猎豹，因此成为地球上羚羊类中跑得最快的。但跟野牛不同的是他们轻量级的身体，不能储存足够他们留在这里一整个冬天的充足能量，所以现在他们必须出发了。

★ soak vt.吸收

★★★ bumper a.丰盛的

★★★ pine cone 松果

All summer these trees have been soaking up the energy of the sun preparing for this moment. Now they offer the animals of Yellowstone a bumper crop of pine cones. 整个夏天这些树都吸收着太阳的能量为此刻作准备。现在他们为黄石公园的动物提供一场松果的大丰收。

★★★ bark n.树皮

★ pine n.松树

★ gamble vi.赌博，打赌

★★★ entice vt.诱惑

★ nutritious a.有营养的

The white bark pine is gambling on the fact that animals now need all the food they can get before winter and is hoping it can entice them to spread its seeds far and wide across Yellowstone. So inside the cones it has put tasty nutritious pine nuts. 白皮巴尔干松在一件事上赌博，那就是动物们在冬天之前离不开他们能弄到手的所有食物，并期望它能利用他们来将它的种子播撒到黄石公园各地，因此在松果里它放上美味又营养的松仁。

★★★ pine squirrel 松鼠

★ snack vi.吃点心

★ shelter v.保护，掩蔽

★ hollow n.洞

A pine squirrel, it snacks on a few of the nuts to keep going and then buries them one by one in a sheltered hollow beside the tree. If it hides them well and packs them carefully they should last through the winter. But this is not much good for the tree. Its seeds have gone nowhere. 一只松鼠，它拿少部分坚果做点心然后继续把它们一个接一个的埋到树旁一个有遮盖的洞里。只要他小心将它们收拾并藏匿好，应该能维持今年冬天。但这对树来说不是一件好事情，它的种子哪也去不了。

★★★ grizzly n.灰熊

★★★ cub n.幼兽

★ orphan n.孤儿

★ adopt vt.收养

★★★ den n.兽穴

★★★ hibernate v.冬眠

A grizzly bear mother and cubs, it's unusual for a grizzly to have so many cubs. This mother has found two orphans and adopted them. But now she has four cubs to fatten up before they go into the den to hibernate this winter. 一只灰熊母亲和她的幼兽，有这么多幼兽对一只灰熊来说是不寻常的。这个母亲发现了两个孤儿并接纳了他们，但现在在他们进入兽穴并在这个冬天里蛰伏之前，她有四只幼兽要养肥。

★★★ nutcracker n.星鸦

★★★ beak n.鸟嘴

★★★ prise vt.撬动

★★ tuck vt.大口吃

★★★ pouch n.小袋

★ drill v.钻孔

★★★ stash n.藏匿处

A Clark's Nutcracker, this is what the tree has been waiting for. With its perfectly-shaped beak it prises the nuts from the cones and tucks them one by one into a special pouch under its tongue up to 1 50 at a time a fifth of its entire body weight. Then it flies as much as 15 miles away and drills the nuts into the ground in sets of 10 placing a stone on top of the stash to mark the site. 加洲星鸦，树一直在等着的就是它。利用其形状完美的鸟喙它从松果中撬出松仁大吃特吃把它们一一吞入舌头下面一个特别的小颊袋内，一次能吃下150颗，达到它的整个体重五分之一，然后它飞到15英里之外，然后把果仁10颗一组条播到地里，然后在藏匿物顶上放上一块石头标识位置。

★★★ staggering a.令人吃惊的

Over the autumn a single bird can bury 30000 nuts across an area of 100 square miles. When the winter comes it will manage to remember the location of a staggering 70% of these seeds even when hidden beneath the snow. 在秋季一只鸟能在100平方英里的面积里埋下30000颗松仁，当冬天来的时候，它会设法记得这些种子的位置记得住的达到惊人的70%，就算被雪隐埋了起来。

★★★ nutcracker n.星鸦

★ ally n.盟友

★★★ germinate v.发芽

But as the Clark's Nutcracker remembers its way into surviving the winter it becomes the white bark's greatest ally. Although its feat of memory is extraordinary for every 1000 seeds it buries it still forgets 300. From all those missed seeds carried far and wide across Yellowstone new white bark pines will germinate next spring. 而当星鸦记住它在冬天求生之道的同时，它也成为了白皮巴尔干松最伟大的盟友。虽然它记忆的本领非凡，但它埋下的每1000颗种子中它仍然会忘掉300颗。这些被远携到黄石各地并被遗忘的种子，使得新的白巴尔干松在来年春天生根发芽。

★★★ elk n.麋鹿

★★ graze vi.吃草

★★★ browse vt.吃草

★ nutritious a.有营养的

★★★ shoot n.新芽

★★ willow n.柳树

It's now September and the elk have made their way down to graze where the grass on the river banks is still green and they can browse the nutritious shoots of young willow trees. 九月，麋鹿已经下到还有青翠草地的河岸边来吃草，而且他们可以品尝新生柳树的营养嫩芽。

★★★ urinate vi.撒尿

★★ masculine a.雄性的

★ appeal n.吸引力

★★★ thrash vt.剧烈扭动

★★★ antler n.鹿角

The males are now upping their game. This bull urinates on himself to increase his masculine appeal and by thrashing his antlers to decorate them he hopes to make himself look more impressive. 雄性们的游戏正在火热进行中，这头公牛往自己身上小便以突显他的雄性诉愿并猛摇他的鹿角来给他们涂上泥他希望把自己弄得看起来更令人印象深刻

★ mobile a.行动方便的

★★★ pup n.幼兽，幼犬

Over the summer wolves have been less mobile because of their young pups but their strength is building again. 夏天里他们因为幼崽而不太走动，但他们正在重拾力量。

★★★ twitchy a.焦躁不安的

★ nutritious a.有营养的

The elk get twitchy and head for the cover of trees. They may be a little safer here but the food in the forest is far less nutritious than on the river banks. If they want to eat well and avoid wolves this winter they'll need to keep on moving. 麋鹿惊慌起来跑到树林里找掩护，在这里他们相对比较安全些，可是森林里的食物营养成份远不如在河岸上的。如果他们又想吃得好又想在冬天避免狼群，他们就得继续迁徙。

★ variety n.种类

★★★ alluvial a.冲积的

★★ industrious a.勤勉的

Lower down the valleys broaden the rivers slow and a richer variety of trees grows in the alluvial soils the perfect home for Yellowstone's most industrious creature. 往低处去山谷变宽河流变缓，在冲积的土壤里长出品种丰富的树林，成为黄石公园里最为勤勉的生物完美的家园。

★★★ beaver n.海狸

★ chew v.咀嚼

★ trunk n.树干

★ retreat vi.撤退

A beaver can fell a cottonwood tree in just a few hours，hundreds in a year. The beaver doesn't chew through the whole trunk just enough to make the tree unstable. It then retreats and lets the wind do the rest. 一只海狸只需数小时就能放倒一棵三角叶杨，一年能弄倒数百棵。海狸不会啃断整个的树干，只要做到让树变得不稳，它就可以后撤，让风来完成剩余的事情。

★ branch n.树枝

★★★ manageable a.易控制的

★ canal n.运河，水渠

It cuts branches into more manageable lengths and then swims them down a network of purpose-built canals towards the dam. 它把树枝切割到比较易掌控的长度之内，然后带着树枝朝着水坝里一个有目的建造的运河网络游去。

★★★ beaver n.海狸

★★★ predator n.掠夺者

★ canal n.运河，水渠

★★★ forage vi.搜寻粮草

The pond gives this beaver protection from predators and the canals allow it to forage far into the forest carrying many times its own weight with ease. Autumn is the busiest time of year for beavers. It won't be so easy to make repairs when the pond is frozen over. 池塘给这只海狸防备掠食者提供保护，而运河让它能深入森林里面搜寻粮草，轻易地多次携带相当于它自己的重量的东西。秋天是海狸一年之中最忙碌的时间，当池塘整个被冻结的时候修理工作将不会这么容易。

★★ stimulus n.刺激

★ shore up 支撑，加固

★ timber n.木材

★ plug vt.堵塞

★ leak n.漏洞

★ mud n.泥巴

The sound of running water is their stimulus to shore up gaps with timber and plug leaks with mud. 流水的声音刺激他们，用木材支撑缝隙并用泥巴堵漏

★ dam n.水坝

★★★ beaver n.海狸

★★★ moose n.驼鹿

★ weed n.杂草，野草

★ thrive vi.繁荣

★ vital a.重要的

★★★ sodium n.钠

But the dam not only serves the beavers. Moose come here from the forests around to feed on weeds that thrive in the beaver's shallow pond. The weed is rich in vital sodium that the forest can't easily provide. 但水坝不只是为海狸服务，大角鹿从附近森林来到这里，以海狸的浅池中生长茂盛的杂草为食，杂草富含重要的钠这是森林不容易提供的。

★★★ aspen n.白杨

★★★ cottonwood n.三角叶杨

★★★ maple n.枫树

★ digest v.消化

★★★ pigment n.色素

★ nutrient n.养分

★ trunk n.树干

It's mid-September. As the sun drops further in the sky the aspens cottonwoods and maples start shutting down for the winter. They now digest the green pigments in their leaves to claw back what nutrients they can into the trunk and roots. What's left behind make the colors of autumn. 现在是九月中旬，当做太阳远落天边，白杨、三角叶杨和枫树开始为过冬落叶。他们现在消化树叶中的绿色色素，尽他们所能夺回营养

输送入树干和树根之内，剩余的东西造就了秋天的颜色。

★★★ grove n.树林

★★★ aspen n.白杨

★ descend vi.遗传

★★ interconnect v.相互连接

★ coordinated a.协调的，配合的

Groves of aspen all turn at the same time. Each grove descended from one tree interconnected by roots color-coordinated. 白杨树林在同一时间变色，每棵树牵动一整个树林，连气同根，色调统一。

★ mist n.薄雾

★ valley n.山谷

As cold air sinks further down from the mountains it brings autumn mist to Yellowstone's valleys. 当冷空气从山里进一步下沉，它给黄石公园的山谷带来秋天的薄雾。

★★★ strutting n.昂首阔步

★★★ herding n.集中放牧

For the last six weeks of strutting and herding, male elk have eaten almost nothing. They are exhausted. 在过去六个星期的群居和昂首阔步，公麋鹿几乎是不吃不喝，他们疲惫不堪。

★ bull n.公牛，巨大的雄性动物

★★★ harem n.后宫，为一个雄性动物所控制的许多雌性动物

★★★ season n.发情期

★ distract vt.转移，分心

This bull has done well. He has successfully held on to his harem. And now the females are finally coming into season. But they are being distracted by another male. 这头公牛干得很漂亮，他成功地维持了他的后宫，现在雌性终于进入发情期。但来了另外一头雄性使她们分心。

★ dominate vt.统治，支配，占优势

★ rival n.竞争对手

★ in vain 徒劳无效

If a bull elk can't dominate all rivals he can't have access to the females and all his effort will have been in vain. Now he must gather the last of his strength. The rival wants to take him on. 如果一头公红牛麋鹿战胜不了所有的对手他就没有机会获得母牛，那他之前所有的努力将会枉费，现在他必须聚集他剩余的全部力量，对手想要取而代之。

★★★ antler n.鹿角

★ penetrate v.穿透

★ thrust n.插入，刺

The aim is to get an antler point into his neck. But they are evenly matched. Neither can penetrate the other's guard. Now it's all about power. A well-aimed thrust or a broken neck will kill. 目标是将一只鹿角插入他的脖子，但是他们势均力敌，谁也不能突破对方的防守。现在力量是关键，一次瞄准好的突刺或受伤的脖子将是致命的。

★★ stab n.刺，戳

★★★ rump n.臀部

This challenger is lucky to get off with just a parting stab in the rump. 这个挑战者很幸运的逃离只在走之前臀部受了一刺。

★ invisible a.无形的

★ confront vt.面临，遭遇

Every autumn thousands of elk do leave Yellowstone. And as they go, they cross an invisible line out of the protection of the National Park. Here they confront new danger. 每个秋天数以千计的麋鹿会离开黄石公园，而且当他们离去他们将越过一条隐形的界线而失去国家公园的保护，在这里他们面临新的危险。

★ boundary n.边界

★★★ instinctive a.本能的

★ migration n.迁徙

★★★ hospitable a.环境适宜的

Elk of course have no understanding of park boundaries or of Yellowstone. To them this is simply an instinctive migration to find more hospitable land so they just keep going. 对麋鹿来说当然不可能理解什么是公园界限或黄石界限，对他们这只是本能的迁徙，为了寻找更宜人的土地而不停前进。

★★★ mosaic n.马赛克

★★ alien a.陌生的

★ geometry n.几何图形

★ irrigate v.灌溉

★★★ maize n.玉米

★ signature n.签名，标记

Beyond the ring of hunting lands the natural mosaic of forest and grass is replaced by an alien geometry. Circles of irrigated grass, squares of maize golf courses the signature patterns of mankind. It's unlikely they'll be welcome here. 越过环状狩猎带，森林和草地的天然马赛克，被截然不同几何形状代替，人工灌溉草地的圆周，玉米地的正方形，高尔夫球场，人类活动的标记，在这里他们不太可能受到欢迎。

★★★ pronghorn n.叉角羚

★★★ prairie n.草原

By now the pronghorn have pushed further than any of the Yellowstone's animals. Out of forests through farmland and down into the wide prairies at the foot of the Rocky Mountains themselves. 到如今叉角羚已经比黄石公园的任何动物，都推进得更远。从森林中走出穿过农场，下到他们的落矶山脉脚下的广袤的草原。

★★ grazing n.放牧，吃草

★ migration n.迁徙

★★ mammal n.哺乳动物

Their search for winter grazing takes them over 100 miles to the south of Yellowstone, the longest migration of any American mammal. They have made this journey every year since the last ice age. 他们为了在冬天找寻食物，走到了黄石公园以南超过100英里的地方，是美国所有哺乳动物中最遥远的迁徙，从上一次冰河时代起他们每年都重复这趟旅程。

★ refuge n.避难所

★ deposit n.储藏

★★★ pronghorn n.叉角羚

★★ timid a.胆小的

★ slight a.微小的

★ evolve v.进化

★★★ cheetah n.猎豹

★★★ juggernaut n.重型卡车

★★ disturbance n.骚乱，干扰

Their traditional winter refuges lie right above some of the richest natural gas deposits in America. The wells are no direct threat to pronghorn. But pronghorn are timid. At the slightest noise they run and when they run they run at 60 miles per hour. They evolved to avoid cheetahs not juggernauts. Trucks fences and the disturbance from the wells have put pronghorn at risk. 他们传统的冬天避难所恰好位于美国最富藏天然气的地方，油气井对叉角鹿并非直接的威胁。但是糜鹿很胆小，听到最微小的噪音他们就会狂奔，而且当一跑起来他们的速度是每小时60英里。他们进化来躲避的是猎豹不是重型卡车。卡车围墙和来自油气井的干扰已经使糜鹿处于危险中。

★★★ earmark v.指定用途

There are 1.2 million acres here but 75% of it has now been earmarked for gas and oil. 这里面积一百二十万英亩，但有75% 现在已经预留给天然气和石油。

★★★ rancher n.大农场经营者

★ tolerate v.忍受

Ranchers will tolerate elk as long as they don't compete too much with their cattle. 农场经营者可以容留麋鹿，只要他们不要与他们圈养的牛过分争食。

★ prejudice n.偏见

★ restore v.恢复

Even Yellowstone lost its wolves. They were wiped out over 80 years ago. After years of prejudice they were reintroduced in 1995 brought back by the authorities to restore Yellowstone's natural balance. 尽管黄石公园的狼逐年减少，他们还是在80年前被消灭彻底。在数年的偏见之后在1995年主管部门为了，恢复黄石公园的自然平衡他们再度被引入。

★ territory n.领土，领域

★★ prey n.猎物

But the wolves have done so well that now they are moving out of the park looking for new territories and prey. Out here it's clearer to see why wolves have a bad reputation. 但狼群发展势头如此之好，以致现在他们正从公园迁出找寻新的领地和猎物，在这里更容易明白为何狼的名声那么坏。

★ controversial a.有争议的

The return of the wolf will always be controversial. But evidence is now emerging that wolves are far more important than anyone imagined. 狼的返回问题会一直争论下去，但现在证据显示，狼比任何人想像的都要重要。

★ crust n.外壳

★★★ beaver n.海狸

★★★ cottonwood n.三角叶杨

★★★ shoot n.嫩芽

★★ willow n.柳树

★★★ sprout vi.发芽

It's nearly the end of October. The cold autumn nights have brought a thin crust of ice to a beaver's pond. Unlike in the river valleys below, up here there are not many tall cottonwood trees. So this beaver has built his dam from the shoots of young willows sprouting all along the side of his pond. 现在快十月底了，寒冷秋夜给一张海狸池塘带来薄薄一层冰。不像在下面的河谷，在这样的高处没有那么多的高三角叶杨，因此这只海狸采用在他池塘边抽条发芽的新生柳树的嫩枝来建造他的水坝。

★★ novelty n.新奇的事物

★ virtually ad.几乎

★★ extinction n.灭绝

★★★ trapper n.诱捕动物者

But he is something of a novelty. Even by the time Yellowstone was made a national park beavers had been virtually hunted to extinction by fur trappers. They only began to reappear here in 1995 the year the wolves came back. 但其实他的存在多少有点新奇，即使当黄石已经被设立为国家公园，海狸还是几乎被毛皮猎人捕猎殆尽。他们直到1995年才在这里重现，也是狼群回来的那一年。

★★★ elk n.麋鹿

★★ willow n.柳树

★★★ sprout vi.发芽

★★★ beaver n.海狸

★★ renaissance n.文艺复兴

Now wolves are chasing elk again elk have had less time to eat willows so willows are sprouting everywhere. Today as winter approaches all over Yellowstone beavers are using those willows to put the finishing touches to a dam-building renaissance. 现在麋鹿被狼群所追逐使得麋鹿没什么时间吃柳树了，所以柳树到处发芽。今天当冬天临近，整个黄石公园的海狸都在使用那些柳树来为水坝建设的文艺复兴画龙点睛。

★★ habitat n.栖息地

★ diverse a.多种多样的

And for every dam there is a new habitat for new life and a richer more diverse Yellowstone. 而每一个水坝造就出一个为新生命提供的全新栖息地，和一个更富饶更多样化的黄石公园。

★★ complexity n.复杂性

★ expose v.暴露

★★★ fragility n.脆弱性

★★ lofty a.高的，崇高的

★ ridge n.山脊

★ pine n.松树

But just as Yellowstone reveals the complexity of life it also exposes its fragility. On its lofty ridges there are signs that all is not well with the white bark pine. 但当黄石公园揭示生命的复杂性时，同时也暴露出它脆弱的一面。在它高高的山脊上，所有迹象表明白巴尔干松树情况不妙。

★★★ eruption n.疹

★★★ resin n.树脂

★ dot v.打点，遍布于

★ invasion n.入侵

From above it looks like autumn colors have come to an evergreen world. But these trees are dying. Small eruptions of resin dot the trunk of the tree evidence of an invasion. 从上方看起来似乎秋色沾染了一个常绿的世界，其实这些树正在死去。树干上树脂的小疹状斑块是被入侵的证据。

★★ beetle n.甲虫

★★★ larva n.幼虫

★★★ bounty n.恩惠

Tiny beetles are chewing through the tree's outer defenses. Once inside they lay eggs that turn into larvae that eat the tree. Each tree that is lost threatens all the animals that rely on its autumn bounty. 极小的甲虫正在啃穿这棵树的防御表层，一旦进入内部他们就产下会长成吃树的幼虫的卵，每棵死掉的树会给在秋天仰赖其恩惠的所有动物构成威胁。

★ heel n.脚后跟

It's now November and the elk have found their feeding grounds just in time the snows of winter at their heels. 现在是十一月，麋鹿已经及时找到他们的牧场，冬天的大雪紧随而至。

★ refuge n.避难所

★★★ sanctuary n.避难所

★ boundary n.边界

★★★ rancher n.大农场经营者

These elk are lucky. This refuge has been kept aside to give them some degree of sanctuary. So although the park isn't big enough to protect all its animals all the time its influence can spread beyond its boundaries and if even ranchers can come to tolerate wolves then anything is possible. 这些麋鹿是幸运的，为了给他们提供一定的庇护所这个避难地被保留下来。因此虽然公园并非大到能一直保护它的所有动物，其影响力却能传播到它的边界之外，而且如果农场经营者能容忍狼群，那凡事就皆有可能。

★★★ bighorn sheep 大角羊

★ tough a.坚韧的，强壮的

★ slope n.山坡

★★★ crag n.峭壁

★★★ rut n.发情期

From out of apparently nowhere come the bighorn sheep. The toughest of all Yellowstone's animals they can stay here all winter on slopes and crags that the biting wind keeps clear of snow. Now they are coming together to rut. 大角羊不知从哪冒了出来，作为黄石公园里所有动物中最坚韧的，他们能在刺骨的风不断扫荡积雪的斜坡和峭壁上呆上一整个冬天，现在他们正聚在一起交配。

★★ relish v.津津乐道，享受

Like elk the males battle for females. But where elk do their best to avoid fights bighorn relish them. 象麋鹿一样雄性为获得雌性战斗，在这种麋鹿尽量避免打斗的地方，大角羊乐此不疲。

★ horn n.角

★★★ anatomy n.剖析

A quick test of horn size and of other important bits of anatomy and the males get straight to the point of sorting out who is toughest. 通过一次羊角尺寸的快速检验和其他重要数据的剖析，雄性单刀直入理清谁是最强者。

★ boundary n.边界

★ preserve v.保护

Though in many ways Yellowstone is not big enough its influence reaches far beyond its boundaries. Not just to the land around but wherever there is a wilderness preserved for its own sake. 虽然从很多方面来说黄石公园面积是不够大，但它的影响力远远超越它的边界。不仅仅对附近地区，还包括因各自不同原因而受到保护的原野。

附：许泽传老师【看纪录片学单词】系列作品集

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