2012年六级写作密码

杭州新东方国内外考试部 陈曲

新浪微博：@新东方陈曲Frank

 

Give a man a fish, and you teach him a day; Teach a man how to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime. --- 授人以鱼，不如授人以渔。

编者按：谨以此讲义，拯救正处在水深火热中的六级考生，幸许能给你的写作学习提供一些灵感。

1.    六级的题目分类

(1)     首先六级作文有导读（关键性词语均已经划出）：

Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled…. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 following the outline given below.

(2) 六级考试题目一般分为两类：1. 现象解释解决类；2. 正反观点对比类。除了2011年12月出现看似较新的题目外，其余均逃不出这范围，与专业四级的题目有些类似。

现象解释解决类

2010年06月

Due Attitude Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese

1. 近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文的现象;

2.出现这种现象的原因和后果；

3.为了改变这种状况，我认为 …

正反观点对比类

2009年12月

现在有不少家长送孩子参加各种艺术班；

1. 对这种做法有人表示支持，

2. 有人并不赞成；

3. 我认为 …

Should parents send their kids to art classes?

研究下历年题目我们发现：灰底=现象型 白底=正反型

考试时间	题目	提纲
2006.12	The Importance of Reading Classics	阅读经典书籍对人的成长很重要
2007.06	Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed	做了好事要不要回报
2007.12	Digital Age	数字化产品对于人们生活的影响
2008.06	Will E-books Replace Traditional Books	电子图书是否会取代传统图书
2008.12	How to Improve Student’s Mental Health	大学生心理健康问题
2009.06	On the Importance of a name	名字重不重要
2009.12	Should parents send their kids to art classes?	父母要不要把孩子送到艺术学校去？
2010.06	Due Attitude Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese	中文学习应该给予适当关注
2010.12	My View on University Ranking	大学排名之我见
2011.06	The Certificate Craze	热衷于各类证书考试的目的
2011.12	The Way to Success	准备工作对于成功的重要性

 

(3) 2011年12月四六级考试委员会命出来改革后的第一次新作文题，四六级均有变化。个人认为2012年06月继续变化的可能性不大，可能还是回归到传统题型中。

2011年12月题：

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Way to Success by commenting on Abraham Lincoln’s famous remark, “Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend, the first four sharpening the axe.” You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

这道题目解读：其实林肯的这句话用中文的俗语来说就是：“工欲善其事，必先利其器”。也就是说准备工作对于成功的重要性，也是一个现象型的题目。只是在做题之前需要有一个interpretation的过程。

 

2.    六级的写作黄金五法则

由于六级先按百分制的15分评卷（五档2 5 8 11 14），又按阅卷时间不足30秒，阅卷人大体以印象给分。其实写作好坏的确看若干句即现端倪。

 

黄金法则包括：

1.       题目提纲要点 → 大致意思写成英文 → 各段中心句

注：便于阅卷人了解每段的Topic Sentence；

2.       惊艳 → 学会制造亮点（尤其第一段）

注：往往阅卷第一印象甚为重要，即体现考生水平；

3.       清晰 → 学会使用标志词（尤其是主体段）

注：中间段落结构清楚，助于评卷人了解思想；

4.       词汇原则 → 四级词汇 ≤ 六级高端词汇

注：第一偏向书面，第二偏向准确。用太简单的的确不容易得高分。你以为你是海明威呀？

5.   卷面保持清楚→切忌藏宝图

注：让阅卷老师看卷费力，即便你文笔隽永，恐怕也难见天日。

 

举例词汇：

原句：But, honesty is not only very important to people, but also very good to organizations and nations.

使用替换词可以替换下面换线的单词：

But, honesty is not only very important to people, but also very good to organizations and nations.

于是：

Nevertheless, not only is honesty of essential significance to individuals, but it contributes to organizations and nations as well.

其实单词并无好坏高低贵贱，但是显示你的综合实力至关重要。

 

3.    天龙八部

说天龙八部，只是卖个噱头，目的是告诉给位，开头不好写，模板（template）是没有任何作用的。请一定要学习模板句，而不要用所谓的模板段，不信你给我找个万能能套所有开头段的试试？

整理下历年来的所有开头段：

2011.06  1. 现在许多人热衷于各类证书考试；

2010.12  1. 目前高校排名相当盛行；

2010.06  1. 近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文的现象；

2009.12  1. 现在有不少家长送孩子参加各种艺术班；

2009.06  1. 有人认为名字很重要；

2008.12  1. 大学生的心理健康十分重要；

2008.06  1. 随着信息技术的发展，电子图书越来越多；

2007.12  1. 如今数字化产品得到越来越多广泛的使用；

2007.06  1. 有人做好事期望得到回报；

2006.12  1. 阅读经典书籍对人的成长至关重要。

我们发现一般要描述的都是一些社会的热点：

这里有八个句型各位可以背一下。考试场上根据题目，将八个句子任意选择、随意组合起来即可！

 

天龙八部之一：描述类经典句

预备知识：写句子的亮点——要么是词，要么是句型。

句型部分1：阅读经典书籍非常重要。(划线处可以根据题目变换)

1.       Reading classics is very important. / It is very important to read classics.

2.       It is of vital/great importance to read classics.

3.       Nothing is more important than reading classics.

4.       Reading classics plays an extremely important role throughout our lives.

5.       Reading classics never fails to be important.

也可以将34句一起用：

Nothing can play a more important role than reading classics.

Important可以替换词汇：significant（意义深远的）essential（关键的） indispensable（不可替代的） pivotal（中枢作用的）等等。

句型部分2：在写作时表示真理性的描述可以加上一个引导抬头。

如：做了好事要不要求回报的开头可以写成：

It is generally accepted that one should never expect a reward when doing a good deed. Seemingly justifiable, however, it is not always the case.

这样的抬头句替换：

1.       It is generally accepted that … / There is general acceptance that …

2.       There is little doubt that …

3.       It cannot be denied that …

4.       There is a growing recognition that …

5.       It has been widely noted that …

6.       It is universally acknowledged that …

7.       A prevailing notion / trend is that …

句型合并成模版句型：

It is generally accepted that nothing can play a more indispensable role than reading classics.

学会灵活替换如：

It goes without saying that reading classics plays an extremely important role throughout our lives.

 

天龙八部之二：趋势类经典句

模版句型（划线处可以根据题目变换）：

越来越多的父母开始考虑把孩子送到艺术学校去。

More and more不是不好，可以替换句型使用

1.       An increasing/a growing/a mounting number of parents begin to consider sending their kids to art classes.

2.       Parents in growing numbers begin to consider sending their kids to art classes.

3.       It is obvious that digital products have become increasingly popular and have been extensively used in a variety of ways.

2007.12  如今数字化产品得到越来越多广泛的使用。

4.       Nowadays, college undergraduates have increasingly realized certificate plays an extremely important role in pursuit of their future career. As a result, they get involved in a certificate mania.

2011.06  现在许多人热衷于各类证书考试

 

天龙八部之三：关注类经典句

预备知识：

英汉差异1：英语多被动，汉语多主动。

如：我们应该重视电子书

We should pay attention to e-books. （we I people用的太多，句子显得累赘）

You should pay attention to e-books.（第二人称最好不要在作文中出现）

主语替换成one是一个选择，另外用被动语态为佳。

Much more attention than ever before should be paid to ______.

英汉差异2：汉语多短句，英语多长句

中文讲意境，所以当出现小桥流水人家，中国人都懂这个场景，但是外国人句式不加动词，这三个词语是无意义的。一般可以翻译成：

Murmuring stream runs below the tiny bridge, leading to elegant dwellings.

英语中的长短句可以连起来：

Much more attention than ever before has been paid to the fast-developing IT industry.

The IT industry has brought unprecedented transformation to human being’s life.

模板句型（划线处可以根据题目变换）：

In recent years, much more attention than ever before has been paid to the fast-developing IT industry, which has brought unprecedented transformation to human being’s life.

 

天龙八部之四：重视类经典句

句型举例：

近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文的现象

With the onset of globalization, we the post-80’s generation increasingly attach great importance to foreign language learning. Sadly/Unfortunately, we instead pay little attention to our mother tongue.

重视关注类句型：

attach great importance to …

pay attention to …

set store by …

lay stress on/upon …

模版句型：

1.       With/owing to the development of ______, we, the post-90’s generation, should attach great importance to/pay attention to/set store by/lay stress upon _____.

2.       With the advent of the 21^st century, as today’s college students, we should pay special attention to the issue of ____.

 

天龙八部之五：发生类经典句

预备知识：近几年来越来越多的父母把孩子送到了艺术学校去。

The past several years have witnessed an exponential increase in the number of parents who wish to send their kids to art classes.

模板句型：

Time/Place have witnessed a/an sharp/dramatic/striking/exponential/considerable/significant increase/decrease in the number of ____ who/which ______.

练习1：根据 … 的调查，仅仅2009年间，中国就有约…大学生由于心理健康问题而跳楼。

According to a recent survey conducted by China Daily, the year 2009 has witnessed approximately ______ college students who committed suicide owing to their mental problem.

练习2：近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文的现象。

The past several years have witnessed a considerably striking phenomenon that a growing number of students, despite their fluency in English, start to pay little attention to the study of Chinese, their mother tongue.

这种句型其实句式举例。

附举例一种句型：

The digital age has exerted a conspicuous impact on our life, which can be exemplified by the popularity of e-shop.

 

天龙八部之六：议论类经典句

预备知识：

2008.12 The Importance of Student’s mental health

如何提高大学生心理健康问题（A）引起了社会广泛争议（B）。

A：the issue of how to improve the students’ mental health

B：a heated discussion / a debate / a variety of conflicting views / much controversy

模版句型：

1.       A has caused/led to/resulted in/triggered/given rise to a variety of conflicting views.

2.       As regards A, there has been a heated discussion among the general public in our society.

3.       There is much controversy over A. / a national debate has sprung up on A.

如：As regards the issue of how to improve the students’ mental health, there has been a heated discussion among the general public in our society.

 

天龙八部之七：出现类经典句

模版句型：

随着信息技术的发展，电子图书越来越多

Owning to/With the development of IT industry, e-books in growing numbers begin to emerge into people’s vision.

或者：Probably without our consciousness/ realization, the IT technology seems to give birth to a digital age in today’s world.

A à ⊙  emerge into people’s sight/vision

A à B   A give(s) birth/rise to B

练习：大学排名（试着使用我们学过的句型）

It has been widely noted that university plays a fundamental role in one’s cultivation and provides a platform for higher education. Recently, however, much more attention than ever before has been paid to the university ranking, which has become increasingly prevalent among educationalists. With the wizardry of the internet, universities all across the global have been ranked according to such factors as their academic reputation and faculty students. Consequently, this phenomenon might give rise to a variety of conflicting views among the general public in our society.

 

天龙八部之八：结果类经典句

预备知识：

2007.06  Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed?

例句：Seemingly simple, the question of whether one should expect a reward after doing a good deed poses a considerable challenge, which tends to showcase people’s moral belief.

模版句型1（对…产生…）：

… pose a considerable challenge to …

1.       Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

2.       Rapid population growth will exert a strain on economies around the world.

3.       Smoking places a great influence on our health.

模版句型2（表示一种趋势，一般插入主谓之间）：

1.       One tends to shout when he gets excited.

2.       In winter, people are apt to catch cold.

3.       He is likely to make mistakes when tired.

4.       She is prone to lose temper in difficult situation.

5.       Leo is liable to act aggressively.

6.       This kind of shoes is inclined to slip on wet ground.

 

最后给各位储备三种句式：

1.       … enable/allow me to gain much knowledge. (… enable sb. to do sth.)

2.       … bring us numerous/countless/a multitude of benefits/drawbacks. (…bring sb. …)

3.       Books provide me with the access to knowledge. (... provide sb. with sth.)

offer supple可以替换provide，但是要注意搭配。比如：offer sb. sth. offer sth to sb.

 

如何灵活处理这些句型呢：

建议1：先牢牢记得：议论类和发生类。发生类就是举例子，只要能举例子最好举，例子一定不是模板。议论类，只要你觉得引起大家的争议，必可用。

建议2：前三大句型，关注类、描述类、趋势类，一般必在开头可以用一句。

建议3：后三大句型，重视类、出现类、结果类，一般必可在后面跟一句。

学完六脉神剑后再写模板。

 

4.    六脉神剑

当分述观点的时候，一般多会说第一、第二、第三。接下来总结六脉神剑：起承转合独评

启部：用于引导第一点

首先：1. first, firstly, first of all; 2. to begin with, to start with; 3. in the first place, first and foremost

一方面：1. on the one hand (on the other); 2. for one thing (for another thing).

 

承部：承接前面观点

其次 --- second, secondly, third, thirdly

进一步 --- furthermore, what’s more, moreover

此外 --- besides, in addition

结果--- consequently, as a consequence/result, thus hence therefore, on this account, in light of this

 

转部：转折语义相反

技巧1：but改although/in spite of/despite

如：Selecting their favorite lecturer does bring great benefits to students’ study, but it also cause a number of problems.

Although selecting their favorite lecturer does bring great benefits to students’ study, it also causes a number of problems.

In spite of/despite its great benefits for students’ study, selecting their favorite lecturer does cause a number of problems.

注：很多老师建议but改成in spite of the fact that. 那么那些老师有兴趣去看看GMAT语法，这种写法叫wordy或者redundancy（冗长，累赘）。但是如果改成in spite of this，那还可以。不过前面需要句话句掉。

技巧2：but改yet/while/whereas

如：Many people argue that the spring festival gala should not be cancelled, but others adopt a completely different view.

Many people argue that the spring festival gala should not be cancelled, while others adopt a completely different view.

此外还可以用：

不幸地：sadly unfortunately

相反地：on the contrary, by contrast, conversely

事实上：as a matter of fact, in fact

然而：nevertheless, nonetheless

 

合部：小结上文中段落的内容

总结：in conclusion, all in all, in a word

简而言之：in short, in brief, to sum up

如前所述：as has been noted / mentioned above

given the factors I have just outlined

taking into account all the above factors (后面主语用I)

 

独部：个人观点标志词

personally speaking可以用in my eyes, as for me, as I see it

in my opinion可以用from my perspective

from my point of view可以用as far as I am concerned

it seems to me that可以用from where I stand, my stance is that …

注：杭州新东方有老师对于as far as I am concerned此短语提出质疑，说google搜索发现外国人不用。1.看google后面几页就能发现了，这还是一个词频的问题，中国人多自然把中国人的帖子顶上去了；2. 参考外研社出版的老外教你写专四作文。

 

评部：在观点前可以加一些副词来评价

Interestingly, surprisingly, more importantly

Especially, particularly

Undoubtedly, apparently, evidently, obviously, conceivably等等

 

5.    综合性模板

正反观点对比型：

第一组话：介绍故事的背景

(1)    It is generally accepted that ______ tends to play an extremely significant role in ______.

(2)    For the past several months, much more attention than ever before has been paid to ______, which gives rise to __________.

第二组话：引出争议的焦点

Consequently, there has been much controversy over the issue of _____________.

第三组话：引出正方观点

(1)    Obviously, many ____ will choose to _____(动宾)/ agree/concede that _____(句子) /vote for ___(名词), generally for ______ reasons.

替换：Many people welcome it with applause and enthusiasm, believing that _____.

(2)    On the one hand, _______(试着使用with the development重视类句式).

(3)    On the other hand, _____(试着使用place/put/pose结果类句式).

(4)    Most importantly, ______(试着使用enable/allow句式).

注：如果能自己用自己的原因那是最好了，如果想不出来，试试用我的吧！总比你写不出来好。

第四组话：引出反方观点

(1)    Nevertheless, other people adopt a completely different view, believing that _______(试着用fail to求反).

替换：However, those who strongly oppose the _____ are not among the minority. They hold that ______.

(2)    In addition, ___________.(试着用give birth to出现类句式)。

第五组话：引出总结

(1)    Given the factors I have just outlined, it can be concluded that the question quite depends on personal choice.

(2)    From where I stand, ________.

如何亮自己的观点呢？

（犀利）When considering opinions of both sides, I am inclined to be in favor of the former/latter one since _____.

（中庸）When considering opinions of both sides, I find they are of the equal weight since _____.

（犀利）The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages in terms of ______, since ______. 

（中庸）The advantage and disadvantage are of equal weight in terms of ______, since _____.

（中庸）______ is just like a double-edged sword. However, one point should be kept in mind that we should take sensible use, always being a master instead of slave of them.

 

现象解释解决型：

第一组话：

(1)    There is a growing recognition that ______ is of vital importance in ______.

(2)    Consequently, with the development of _____, we, the post-90’s generation, should attach great importance to _______.

(3)    For example, the past several years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of ______ which ________.

 

第二组话：

如果是解决问题：

(1)    To put an end to the serious problem, in my mind, it calls for the efforts from all sides.

或者：To this problem, in my mind, there are at least three approaches.

或者：Urgent measures are needed to tackle the above-mentioned problem.

或者：The following ways can be adopted to create and maintain a harmonious dormitory life.

那么怎么解决呢？一般的解决方案，不是个人努力，就是政府努力！

(2) To begin with, only when all of us join in the efforts at all levels can we expect to address the issue properly.

或者It seems to me that it is high time that we should take concerted step to address the issue properly.

(3) Besides, if the government/authority makes relevant policies and measures to ___, the problem can be readily solved in the foreseeable future.

或者Since my own voice is too weak to be heard, I hope we can call on the public to ___________.

 

第三组话：

如果是解释问题：

(1)    Three reasons, in my mind, can account for this social phenomenon.

或者：The reasons why the spirit of teamwork has become so important are as follows.

或者：There are several factors contributing to these changes.

或者：To account for this phenomenon, people have come up with a variety of reasons.

理由一般来源于什么？在中国的现象中，第一是人口（population），由人口可能引出的经济（economy），也许有些问题产自教育制度（educational system），有些有来自于环境问题（environment）。所以后面的空格按照上面类型的词语进行填写。

(2) First and foremost, I firmly believe that the problem derives/stems/originates/results from _____, which is inevitable/unavoidable.

或者To begin with, this phenomenon could be attributed to _________, which majority of the students fail to take into consideration.

(3) In addition, this situation could be seen/considered/regarded/deemed as the results/consequences of ________.

 

后记：

题目的变化，也许仅仅是解读，如果你能背诵天龙八部（8类句型）+备用句型（3个）+表示正反观点（2组）+表示现象解释和解决（2组），我想至少你做了一些基本的储备工作。怎么使用该课程。

1.       按照我的框架，你的思路，你的句子+我的句子。主要你的思想能用我的句子表述，你可以放心大胆使用。

2.       按照我的框架，我的思路，我的句子。那么这几页讲义就算dummy指南，但是它确最为踏实，最实用。

3.       水平高的同学，可以发现在写作中这套思路非常合理，学习英语方法叫imitation。