加载中…齐夫定律
(2014-04-17 10:48:29) | 分类： 软件开发 |
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/齊夫定律
齐夫定律(英语：Zipf's law，IPA/ˈzɪf/)是由哈佛大学的语言学家乔治·金斯利·齐夫(George Kingsley Zipf)于1949年发表的实验定律。它可以表述为：在自然语言的语料库里，一个单词出现的频率与它在频率表里的排名成反比。所以，频率最高的单词出现的频率大约是出现频率第二位的单词的2倍，而出现频率第二位的单词则是出现频率第四位的单词的2倍。这个定律被作为任何与幂定律概率分布有关的事物的参考。
例子[编辑]
最简单的齐夫定律的例子是“1/f
在
齐夫定律是一个实验定律，而非理论定律，可以在很多非语言学排名中被观察到，例如不同国家中城市的数量、公司的规模、收入排名等。但它的起因是一个争论的焦点。齐夫定律很容易用点阵图观察，坐标分别为排名和频率的自然对数（log）。比如，“the”用上述表述可以描述为x = log(1), y = log(69971)的点。如果所有的点接近一条直线，那么它就遵循齐夫定律。
参见[编辑]
延伸阅读[编辑]
主要:
-
George K.
Zipf
(1949) Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort. Addison-Wesley. -
George K. Zipf (1935)
The Psychobiology of Language. Houghton-Mifflin. (see citations athttp://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/context/64879/0 )
次要:
-
Lada Adamic.
Zipf, Power-laws, and Pareto - a ranking tutorial.http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/idl/papers/ranking/ranking.html -
Alexander Gelbukh and Grigori Sidorov (2001)"Zipf
and Heaps Laws’ Coefficients Depend on Language".
Proc.
CICLing-2001, Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics, February 18–24, 2001, Mexico City. Lecture Notes in Computer Science N 2004, ISSN 0302-9743, ISBN 3-540-41687-0, Springer-Verlag: 332–335. -
Damián H. Zanette (2006) "Zipf's
law and the creation of musical
context,"
Musicae Scientiae 10: 3-18. -
Kali R. (2003) "The city as a giant component: a random graph
approach to Zipf's law,"
Applied Economics Letters 10: 717-720(4) -
Gabaix, Xavier.
Zipf's Law for Cities: An Explanation. Quarterly Journal of Economics. August 1999, 114 (3): 739–67.doi:10.1162/003355399556133. ISSN 0033-5533. -
Axtell, Robert L;
Zipf distribution of US firm sizes, Science, 293, 5536, 1818, 2001, American Association for the Advancement of Science
外部链接[编辑]
| http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png | 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：齐夫定律 |
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Steven, Strogatz.
Guest Column: Math and the City. The New York Times. 2009-05-29[2009-05-29] —An article on Zipf's law applied to city populations - Seeing Around Corners (Artificial societies turn up Zipf's law)
- PlanetMath article on Zipf's law
- Distributions de type "fractal parabolique" dans la Nature (French, with English summary)
- An analysis of income distribution
- Zipf List of French words
- Zipf list for English, French, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, Icelandic, Latin, Portuguese and Finnish from Gutenberg Project and online calculator to rank words in texts
- Citations and the Zipf–Mandelbrot's law
-
Zipf's Law for U.S. Cities
by Fiona Maclachlan, Wolfram Demonstrations Project. -
埃里克·韦斯坦因,
Zipf's Law at MathWorld - Zipf's Law examples and modelling (1985)
- Complex systems: Unzipping Zipf's law (2011)
-
Benford’s law, Zipf’s law, and the Pareto
distribution
by Terence Tao.
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