高中语法专项之-非谓语动词

【专题眺望】

知能目标： ① 非谓语动词的否定式中not前置于非谓语动词。② 非谓语动词在固定搭配中的使用。③ 非谓语动词的时态语态在语境中的使用。④ 动名词和不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。⑤ 不定式中to的省略。⑥ 不定式和动名词作结果状语、宾语、宾补时含义上的区别。⑦ 动名词的复合结构。⑧ 独立主格结构的运用。

命题规律： 非谓语动词是历届高考的主要考查项目，它直接出现在单项填空、完形填空和短文改错中， 间接出现在阅读理解和书面表达中。高考对非谓语动词的考查主要涉及以下几个方面：

① 非谓语动词作不同句子成分的用法，寻找非谓语动词的逻辑主语来确定非谓语动词的形式。

② 非谓语动词在特定动词后面、词组中的搭配使用，尤其是用不定式和动名词作宾语的区别。

③ 状语从句省略成连词+非谓语动词结构。

④ 三种非谓语动词之间的相互区别和联系。

⑤ 独立主格结构的构成、非谓语动词在独立主格结构中的形式、悬垂结构考查不多，应适当注意。

【知识结构】

非谓语动词的各时态语态形式

时态	不定式 主动/被动	动名词 主动/被动	现在分词 主动/被动
一般时	to do / to be done	doing / being done	doing / being done
完成时	to have done  / to have been done	having done / having been done	having done / having been done
进行时	to be doing
完成进行	To have been doing

【重难点透析】

1. 不定式符号to的省略

①④⑤在 feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice, observe，see，watch，have，let，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带 to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带 to。

②不定式动词在介词 but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带 to，否则要带 to。如：
    She could do nothing but cry.
    What do you like to do besides swim?
    I have no choice but to go．

③不定式结构作主语补足语通常带to ，但这种句子主语部分有一个动作动词do的各种形式时，可以省去to 。例如：

All I did was empty the bottle.

All we have to do is push the button.

The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.

What I really wanted to do was drive all night.

2. 不定式符号的单独使用

为了避免重复前面已经出现的动词，可以用不定式符号来代替不定式结构，但如果不定式符号后面是be或have，通常保留be或have。例如：

---- Aren’t you the manager?                ---- No, and I don’t want to be!

---- He hasn’t finished yet.                  ---- Well, he ought to have.

---- Were they advised of the delay of the shipment?

---- No.

---- Oh, they should have been.

3. 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义
①　不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。
    I have got a letter to write. ( I write a letter.)
    He needs a room to live in. ( He lives in a room. )
    I know what to do. ( I do what. )

但这句如改为下列形式，不定式就得用被动形式： I know what is to be done.　这是因为 what is to be done是宾语从句，从句中的主语 what是动词 do的动作对象

②　不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后者去了 for one或 for people。例如：
    He is hard to talk to. ( to talk to him.)
    The book is difficult to understand. ( to understand the book.)
4. 动名词和不定式作主语时的区别

动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。例如：
    Playing with fire is dangerous. (泛指玩火)
    To play with fire will be dangerous. (指一具体动作)

但在 It is no use／ good，not any use／ good，useless等后必需用动名词。
5.  后常跟动名词作宾语的动词有：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider, delay, dislike，enjoy，escape, excuse，face，feel. like，finish，forgive，give up, imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practise，put off，resist, risk，suggest，can’t help，can’t stand(无法忍受)等，不能用不定式作宾语。

6. 有些动词既可带动名词也可带不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。例如：

try to do尽量做某事                               mean to do　意欲做某事                        stop to do　停下来做某事

try doing　试着做某事                           mean doing　意味着某事                       stop doing　停止做某事

remember/ forget to do 　记得／忘记要做某事                regret to do　遗憾地做某事

remember/ forget doing　记得／忘记做过某事                regret doing　后悔做了某事

go on to do　接下来做（另一件）事             can’t help doing　不得不做某事

go on doing　继续作（原来的）事                can’t help to do　不能帮助做某事

7. 动名词的主动式表示被动意义

动词 need，require，want作“需要”解，其后跟动词作它的宾语时，必须用动名词，或不定式的被动式。例如：
    The window needs( requires，wants) cleaning( to be cleaned).
8. 动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格，名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词。例如：
    His coming made me very happy.
    Mary’s crying annoyed him.
    She didn’t mind his crying. 

9. 分词作状语与不定式作结果状语的区别

分词作状语表示自然而然的结果，而不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果。例如：

His parents died, him a l leaving ot of money.

He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.

10. 作宾语补足语的现在分词和不定式的区别

在 see，hear，watch，feel，observe，have，listen to，notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有差别的，用现在分词，表示动作正在发生(即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束)，用不定式表示动作发生了(即动作全过程结束了)。例如：
    I saw the girl getting on the tractor.
    I saw the gril get on the tractor and drive off.

11. –ing 分词固定用语

有些表示说话人对说话内容所持态度的-ing 分词结构,已经成为固定用语,不属于上述无依着-ing分词结构或独立结构范围.常见的有：judging from…, generally speaking, talking of…, assuming… 等。例如：

Judging from what you say， he has done his best。

Generally speaking，this book is not very difficult。

12. -ed分词的意义

来自及物动词的-ed分词所表示的是被动意义；来自不及物动词的-ed分词则表示主动意义。

① 表示被动完成意义，例如：

The bird caught yesterday is a robin.

Written in simple English，the book is easy to read.(=the book that has been written)

I want some boiled water.(=water that has been boiled)

He asked for a cup of iced boiled water.(=water that had been boiled and then iced)

② 表示被动意义，例如：

We are making a study of spoken English.

Energy stored in fuel is chemical energy.

③　表示主动意义

不及物动词的-ed分词不能表示被动意义,只能表示主动的完成意义。可以这样用的不及物动词为数不多，主要有 rise， fall， go， escape，develop，return，retire（退休），grow 等。例如：

  fallen leaves（=leaves that have fallen）

  the risen sun（=the sun that has risen）

13. –ed分词结构作主语和宾语  

某些-ed分词, 同-ing分词一样，　其前用了限定词the往往可以其所表示的动作或状态来代表具有这种动作或状态的人物（可以指全体，也可指个别部分）。这种-ed分词结构实际上是个名词词组，如the wounded(people)， the disabled， the inexperienced，the oppressed等，可在句中担任主语或宾语。例如：

  It is the duty of the medical workers to rescue the dying and cure the wounded.

  The wounded is a policeman.

14. 分词独立结构

相当于状语分句的-ing分词结构的逻辑主语往往是主句的主语。但也有这样的情况，分词结构有它自己的主语，这个主语由名词通格（间或由代词主格）表示，放在分词前面，与分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，称为独立结构，含义上相当于各种形式的状语分句以及伴随状语等。例如：

The report having been read,(=When the report had been read), lively discussion began.

Weather permitting, (==If the weather permits), we’ll start tomorrow.

We all went home, he remaining behind.(=and he remained behind.)

独立结构中的being 或having been 又是可以省略。例如：

The question( having been) settled, the meeting came to an end.

The children were watching the show, their eyes (being ) wide open.

Our house painted white，we like it better.(=Our house being/having been painted white…)

The job done, we went home. (= The job having been done … )

All things considered, we have much to learn and unlearn. (= All things having been considered …)

独立主格结构有时也由介词with引出,这时逻辑主语采用名词通格或代词宾格形式, 句法用法同上。例如：

We could hardly work with him asking us questions all the time.

They sat in the room with the curtains drawn.

【经典例题点评】

[例1] （NMET 2003）A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ______ in the kitchen.

 A. smoke   B. smoking   C. to smoke  D. smoked   

命题意图 本题考查动词find及非谓语动词作补足语的用法。

解题思路 find后可以接含有形容词、名词、-ing形式、过去分词或不定式to be 的复合结构。find sb. doing sth. 表示“发现某人正在做某事”。题中条件状语从句为被动语态的句子，还原为主动语态，容易得出此空应用-ing形式作补足语（find后可接to be  不可接to do），故答案为B。题意为“如果一个厨师一旦被发现在厨房抽烟，他将会被立即炒鱿鱼（解雇）”。

正确答案 B

技巧点拨 非谓语动词的形式往往根据动词及物、不及物的性质和某些惯用法确定，用现在分词还是过去分词找出逻辑主语非常重要。

举一反三

1. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had _____ went wrong again.    

   A. it to repair          B. it repaired           C. repaired              D. to be repaired

2. ---- Li Ming is said _____ abroad. Do you know what country he is in?  ---- Yes, in Britain.

  A. to have studied  B. to study  C. to be studying  D. to have been studied

3. ---- Did you find anything unusual when you saw him?

  ---- When I came in, I saw him _____ in the sofa _____ in thought.

  A. sat; deep       B. seated; deeply  C. seated; deep        D. sitting; deeply

[例2] （2004上海）Victor apologized for _____ to inform me of the change in the plan.

     A. his being not able     B. him not to be able     C. his not being able     D. him to be not able

命题意图 考查动名词的复合结构作宾语的用法。

解题思路 介词for后面接动名词，其否定应该在+ing形式前加not，用物主代词作动名词的逻辑主语。
正确答案 C

技巧点拨　排除法。

举一反三

4. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult.         

  A. not make              B. not to make                C. not making           D. do not make

5. _____ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.

  A. The president will attend  B. The president to attend  C. The president attended  D. The president’s attending

6. ---- What do you think made the girl so glad?  ---- _____ a beautiful necklace.

  A. As she received      B. Receiving           C. Received      D. Because of receiving

[例3] （2004广西） Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _____ in your mind instead of before your eyes.

A. to form    B. form    C. forming   D. having formed

命题意图 考查非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间的关系。

解题思路 首先排除B，题干中已有谓语动词are，再排除A、D，form pictures应该是在阅读或看电视的同时发生而不是或前或后。

正确答案 B

技巧点拨　在there be句型中，作定语用来修饰主语的分词，它们的逻辑主语就是它们所修饰的主语。我们应注意它们之间的主、被动关系，选用不同分词。

举一反三

7. When we got back home, I saw a message pinned to the door _____ “Sorry to miss you. I’ll call late.”

  A. read   B. reads      C. to read   D. reading

8. Prices of daily goods _____ through a computer can be lower than store prices. 

  A. are bought       B. bought    C. been bought         D. buying

9. A new garden, _____ near our school, will be under construction soon.

  A. said to have been built  B. said to be built  C. said to be building   D. said to build

[例4] （2004湖南）You were silly not          your car.

     A. to lock         B. to have locked     C. locking        D. having locked 

命题意图 考查非谓语动词作状语的区别。

解题思路 本题的意思是“没有锁车你真是傻”，“锁车”这一动作发生在前，因此先排除掉A、C，本句可变形为It was silly of you not to have locked your car.　可见是用不定式作原因状语，常用在sb. be + adj.或It is + adj. (for/of sb.) to do句型中。

正确答案 B

技巧点拨 注意常用句型的构成。

举一反三

10. _____ here in time, they came _____ all the way.

  A. Getting; running            B. To get; running           C. To get; to run                 D. Getting; to run

11. At the end of 2002, there were around 3,000 foreign printing companies in China, _____ up around 2 percent of national total.

  A. made  B. to make  C. making D. having made

12. The doctor examined him carefully, only _____ his illness was serious.

  A. find  B. to find  C. finding  D. found

[例5] I carefully poured the liquid into the water, my classmates _____ anxiously beside me to see what would happen.

  A. stood B. standing  C. to stand  D. were standing

命题意图 本题考查独立主格结构。

解题思路 分析句子结构，句子的前半部分已经有了主谓宾，因此后半部分是作状语，又因为my classmates不是整个句子的主语，因此用现在分词的独立主格结构，因为stand的逻辑主语是my classmates。本句意思是“我小心地把液体倒进水中，我的同学们焦急地站在旁边等着看会有什么情况发生”。

正确答案 B

技巧点拨 运用结构分析法，然后弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的主被动关系。

举一反三

13. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, ______.

  A. her long hair flowed in the breeze            B. her long hair was flowing in the breeze

  C. her long hairs were flowing in the breeze  D. her long hair flowing in the breeze

14. Mr. Smith flew to New York this morning, his assistant ______ him there this Saturday.

   A. joining        B. to join       C. will join       D. wants to join

15. With the weather conditions _____, they flew to London immediately.

  A. considered         B. considering    C. to consider         D. to be considered

[例6] What is the way George thought of _____ enough money to buy the computer?

  A. to get B. getting C. having got     D. being got

命题意图 考查学生突破定向思维的能力的同时考查非谓语动词用法。

解题思路 解本题的关键在于要看出题干中的“非直接相邻”现象，不能看到of就认为后面应该跟动名词，而要意识到George thought of是the way的第一个定语，第二个定语是个动词不定式， 被George thought of隔开， 应该是“George想到的得到足够的钱买电脑的办法”。

正确答案 A

技巧点拨 出题者有意把两个看似完全不相干的词放在一起作为选项，或者让题干中的词与选项中的词的搭配看上去完全不相干，有时出题人把宾语提前，使谓语与其他成分相连，这种情况在测试题中比较常见，解这些题目要打破定向思维。

举一反三

16. How many of us _____, say, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion?

  A. attended   B. to attended  C. attending    D. have attended

17. UN Secretary General Kofi Annan points out that, _____, the situation will get worse and worse in the Middle East.

  A. if not dealing with properly           B. if not properly dealt with

  C. unless dealing with properly D. until properly dealt with

18. ---- Do you have anything more _____, sir?         ---- No. You can have a rest or do something else.

  A. typing  B. to be typed  C. typed   D. to type

答案与提示

1-5. CCCBD 6-10. BDBBB 11-15. CBDBA 16-18. CBB

1. 句中的两个had各有其意。前者是助动词，帮助构成完成时态，后者是使役动词，用于have sb. do/doing/done结构中，本句中应用过去分词，表示被动，其逻辑宾语是the washing machine。

2. 根据后面的he is in可以推断是指现在的动作或状态，因此不定式要用进行时，to be studying。

3. “陷入沉思”deep in thought，因此排除B、D，“看到某人坐着”see sb. sitting或see sb. seated，因为sit是不及物动词，seat是及物动词，常用seat oneself。

4. 考查动词不定式做表语。从结构上看有两个不定式做表语，而且逻辑上是转折意义，因此，后面一个用否定形式。with/for the purpose of“以…为目的”，on purpose“故意”。

5. 分析句子成分可知，题干中的主语尚未完整，只有D项动名词短语在结构和意义上都适合这个句子。that引导名词性从句时，除宾语从句外，都不能省。

6. 根据提问的疑问代词what，因此答语部分应该是个能作主语的短语或句子，只有receiving合适。

7. 表示文字材料上“写着…”或仪表仪器上面的“读数是…”，常用read或say，是及物动词。在本题中reading做其逻辑主语message的后置定语。

8. 考查非谓语动词做后置定语，看被修饰的词daily goods与动词buy之间是被动关系，过去分词做定语时本身已表示被动，因此不再需要被动结构，故排除C。

9. said过去分词短语作主语a new garden的补充说明，从will be under construction soon可知a new garden尚未开始，因此A、C用的不定式时态错误，D的语态错误。

10. 不定式做目的状语，现在分词作伴随状语。

11. 句中的making up around 2 percent of national total = which make up…这样一个非限定性定语从句。

12. 不定式作状语常表示意外的结果，而动名词常表示自然的结果。本句意思是“医生仔细给他检查了，发现他的病很严重”。

13. 现在分词的独立主格结构。

14. 后半句是个独立主格结构， A项表示正在进行的动作，不符题意；B项表示将要发生的动作，是正确答案。

15. 本句with结构中应该用过去分词作宾补，因为consider和the weather conditions之间是被动关系，“考虑到天气原因”。

16. 首先要理清句子结构，因为较为复杂，我们可以将其简单化变成How many of us would be interested in the discussion?那么us后面应该是个定语，say是个插入语，出席会议的我们us attending a meeting。

17. 状语从句的省略形式，当从句与主句的主语或宾语一致，且从句谓语为be时，可将从句主语及be省略。if not properly dealt with = if it isn’t properly dealt with。

18. 突破不定式主动表示被动这一思维定势。当找不到能与不定式构成主谓关系的主语时，就要用被动式，如题干中，由上下文可知，第一句中的you并非type的主语，因此用被动，再如I’m going home. Do you have anything to be taken home?也是如此，take的主语不是you。

 

【探究小课堂】

探究主题 V-ing形式作定语有什么需要我们注意的吗?

探究材料 The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the .

　　A. 20 dollars remained　B. 20 dollars to remain　C. remained 20 dollars　D. remaining 20 dollars

探究导航  此处的remaining相当于形容词，意思是"剩下的"，由于remain是不及物动词，所以用现在分词作前置定语，答案为D。

现在分词作定语的差异：
现在分词在句中作定语时，不仅存在前置与后置的区别，而且存在状态、时间与形式上的差异。为了帮助大家分清这些差异，更好地掌握现在分词的用法，现在分别论述如下。
一、状态差异

现在分词作定语明显存在状态差异。一般来讲，前置的现在分词静感强。而后置现在分词动感强。学习时要注意体会这一点。 例：The laboring people are the wisest.
     The farmers laboring here are not afraid of snakes．
能前置的现在分词为数不太多，常见的大都是已被形容词化了的现在分词。这一点主要表现在有些现在分词前常有程度副词，有些现在分词甚至还有比较等级。 例：I have brought very exciting news to you． 
   This is the most exciting story that I have ever read．
 二、时间差异
现在分词作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。例如：
 The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window．
 The American president who is visiting China now  will return on Saturday.
 有些现在分词作定语时则表示经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态。此类现在分词若改为定语从句宜用一般时态，而不宜用进行时态。若译成汉语也应注意体现这一点。 例：

They stayed at a hotel standing by the lake.
The temple standing on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.

三、形式差异
从形式来看，前置现在分词多为单个分词，而后置现在分词多为短语。换句话说，若用现在分词作定语，单个分词要前置，分词短语要后置。但也不能绝对如此，要视情况而定。要是强调动感，即使是单个分词也应后置。例：

Look! The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary．
从内容来讲，前置现在分词多为不及物动词，没有自己的宾语或状语。后置现在分词可带宾语或状语。有时前置现在分词也可有自己的宾语或状语，不过要置于分词前，且中间要有连词符号。当然，带比较级时除外。例：

Barking dogs seldom  bite．

The person translating the songs can speak seven languages.
England and America are English-speaking countries．
值得说明的是，现在分词的完成式与被动式一般都不能用作前置定语，只能作后置定语，使用时应慎重。