名词性从句

一、名词性从句：包括主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句。

1、  主语从句：

在句中充当主语的从句叫做主语从句。引导主语从句的词有连词that， whether；连接代词who，what，which以及其强调形式whoever，whatever， whichever；连接副词when，where，how， why等。

种类		关联词	例     句	说     明
	连	that	That he will come and help you is certain. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。	that在句首不可省去
	词	whether	Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。	主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。
主   语	连接代词	who what which whatever	What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。   Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。	主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般
从   句	连接副词	when where why how	It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。	把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。

2、  宾语从句：

在句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。(即动词后或介词后加句子)。引导宾语从句的词有连词that，whether，if；连接代词who，which，what以及其强调形式 whoever，whichever，whatever；连接副词 when，where，why，how等

种类	关联词		例     句	说    明
	陈述意义	that	I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。 We must never think(that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。	that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。
宾	疑问意义	if whether	I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。   He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day. 他不在乎天气是否好。	whether常与or not连用，不能用if代替。   作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。    从句是否定句时一般用if引导。
语	特殊疑问意义	who, whom, which,whose,what, when, where, why, how,whoever, whatever, whichever	Please tell me what you want. 请告诉我你需要什么？  She always thinks of  how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。  She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。	宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。
从	注1		We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。	如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将从句后置。
句	注2		We don’t think you are here.  我们认为你不在这。  I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。	think, believe, imagine, suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，移动主句中。

3．表语从句

在句中充当表语的从句叫做表语从句。（即在be后加句子）。引导表语从句的词有连词that， whether；连接代词who，what，which；连接副词when，where，how，why以及其它连词as if，as though，because

种类	关联词		例   句	说     明
表	连词	that whether as if	The problem is that they can’t get here early enough.  问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 It looks as if it’s going to rain. 看起来天要下雨。	That一般不可以省略。
语   从	连接代词	who what which	That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。	表语从句位于主句系动词之后
句	连接副词	when where why how	This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。

       4、同位语从句：

在句中用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。同位语从句通常用在idea，news，fact， promise，suggestion，belief，truth等名词的后面，说明该名词所表示的具体内容。引导同位语从句的词有连接词that，连接副词how， when，where等。最常用是that.

 

种类	关联词	例     句	说     明
同 位 语 从 句	由连词that引导，不担任成分，也可有when, how, where等引导。	The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。	同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，常用的名词如：fact, news, idea, hope,thought, question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof， belief, story等。

二．学习名词性从句时要注意以下几点：

①在名词性从句中，疑问句要用陈述句的语序。例如：

1．Someone is ringing the doorbell．Go and see ____．（2000上海）

A．who is he B．who he is  C．who is it D．who it is

2．Can you make sure ____the gold ring ？（MET90）

A．where Alice had put   B．where had Alice put

C．where Alice has put D．where has Alice put

3．You can't imagine ____ when they received these nice Christmas presents．（94上海）

A．how they were excited B．how excited they were

C．how excited were they D．they were how excited

②what和that引导名词性从句时的区别。

that和what都可以引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，但what不能像that一样引导同位语从句.

that引导名词性从句时只起连接词作用，本身无实际意义，在从句中不作任何成分； what引导名词性从句时本身有意义，即表示“什么”或“所……的事物”（＝the thing（s） which），what除起连接作用外，还能在从句中充当主语、宾语和表语，

1. Word has come __________ some American guests will come for a visit.

A. what B. that   C. whether D. when

2. We all agree with him on __________ he said.

A. what B. that    C. why D. how

3. The reason why I plan to go is __________ if I don’t.

A. what she will have a disappointment  B. that she will be disappointed

C. because she will be disappointed     D. on account of she will be disappointed

③if和whether引导名词性从句时的区别。

if和whether都作“是否”解。whether可以引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。只能用whether引导介词后面的宾语从句，也只能用whether引导不定式，引导主语从句（位于句首时）也只能用whether.此外 whether还有 “尽管”之意，引导让步状语从句。If表“是否”意思时通常只能用来引导宾语从句。此外if还有 “如果”之意，引导条件状语从句。

1. ______ she will come to Beijing is not known yet.

A. Whenever B. If   C. Whether D. That

2. Could you tell me ________ it snows in winter in Australia?

A. if B. whether    C. that D. either A or B

3. What the doctors really doubt is ________ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.

A. when B. how     C. whether D. if

4．We will go out for an picnic ______ it is fine tomorrow.

A. if  B. whether  C. when D. either A or B

5._______ you can see the moon or not, it is always round.

A. Whether B. If C. That D. what

④ who与whoever，what与whatever引导名词性从句时的区别。

whoever引导名词性从句时相当于anyone who，those who。 whatever引导名词性从句时相当于anything that。它们一般可以引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句，并在从句中作主语、表语或宾语。此时，whatever和whoever不含疑问意义。即whatever = anything that;例如：

1. These pictures are so special that I would do _______ I can to save them.

A. whatever  B. that   C. which  D. whichever

2. ______ knows the truth will tell you about it.

A. Who that  B. Whoever   C. Whom that  D. That who

3. I will give this dictionary to ________ wants to have it.

A. whomever B. whoever   C. whatever D. wherever

注意：引导让步状语从句的whoever和whatever与引导名词性从句的whoever和whatever相比，有不同的含义。即whoever = no matter who; whatever = no matter what。

试比较以下句子：

Who broke the window is unknown．不知道是谁打破了窗户。

Whoever breaks the law will be punished．凡是犯法者都要受到惩罚。

Do what you like．你爱干什么就干什么。

Do whatever you like．你爱干什么就干什么。（whatever比what语气强）

⑤that的省略

1）引导单个宾语从句时，that可以省略。但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句与形式宾语it并存的宾语从句时，that都不能省略。如果引导两个宾语从句，第一个that可以省略，而第二个that不能省。例如：

1. I don”t think （that）she is coming.

2. The reason is that he is careless.

3. The news that our team won the match inspired us.

4. I don”t think it necessary that you should read English aloud.

5. He told me （that）his father had died and that he had to live alone.

2）who, which, when, where, why, how在名词性从句中既能起连接作用，又能在从句中充当一定的句子成分。例如：

1. I don”t know _________ he will go to the museum.

A. when B. where   C. if or not D. what

2. Go and get your coat. It”s _________ you left it.

A. there B. where  C. there where D. where there

⑥主句和宾语从句之间的时态呼应

1）如果主句是祈使句或主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，则从句的谓语动词可以根据句意的需要使用任何一种时态。例如：

1. No one can be sure _______ in a million years.

A. what man will look like   B. what will man look like

C. man will look like what   D. what look will man like

2）若主句谓语动词是过去时，则从句谓语动词应为过去的某种时态。宾语从句表达的只要是客观事实、真理或自然现象等，则从句谓语动词均为一般现在时。例如：

1. The reporter said that the enemy soldiers ________ east to west when he saw them. (A)

A. were moving B. moved   C. had moved D. was to move

2. The teacher said that the sun _________ in the east and _________ in the west.

A. rises, sets B. rose, sets   C. rose, set  D. rises, set

              名词从句8忌

    名词性从句是中学英语语法的重点和难点，现把在使用名词性从句过程中应注意的几个方面总结以下，供同学们学习参考。

    一忌 that与what混淆

    what引导的名词性从句意为“……的东西（事情）”或“什么”，相当于all that。如：

            【误】That he needs to get rid of smoking is your help．

            【正】What he needs to get rid of smoking is your help．

            【正】All (that) he needs to get rid of smoking is your help.

            that引导定语从句。

    二忌 多that

   引导名词性从句的连接代词who, whose, which, what, 连接副词how, why, where,when和连词if，whether等前，不可再用that。如：

            【误】I wonder that when they got to know each other．

            【正】I wonder when they got to know each other．

   三忌 少that

   引导名词性从句的that在句中无具体意思，但在下列情况下，that不可省略：

            1．宾语从句被分隔或提前时；

            2．宾语从句不止一个时；

            3．引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时。如：

            【误】We don’t doubt, in any case, he keeps his word．

            【正】 We don’t doubt, in any case, that he keeps his word．

            （插入语in any case将宾语从句与谓语动词分隔开，故不可省略that。）

            【误】Everyone could see what was happening and poor Mary was nearly

            frightened．

            【正】Everyone could see what was happening and that poor Mary was

            nearly frightened． （what was happening和that poor Mary was nearly

            frightened为并列的宾语从句，故不可将that 省略。）

            【误】The earth goes around the sun was not widely accepted at that

            time．

            【正】That the earth goes around the sun was not widely accepted at

            that time． （that 引导主语从句时不可省略。）

            【误】The problem is fuels like coal and oil cause a lot of pollution．

            【正】The problem is that fuels like coal and oil cause a lot of

            pollution．（that 引导表语从句时不可省略。）

            【误】We heard the news our team had won．

            【正】We heard the news that our team had won．

            that引导同位语从句时不可省略。

四忌 that, why和because三者混淆

有些名词如reason，cause等作句子的主语时，其后的表语从句常用that引导，不可误用because；because引导表语从句时常用于That’s  because…这一句型，说明产生上述结果的原因；why引导名词性从句说明由上述原因而导致的必然结果。如：

            【误】The reason why he hasn’t come is because he has not received the

            invitation．

            【正】The reason why he hasn’t come is that he has not received the

            invitation．

            【误】I was very late for school this morning． That’s why I stayed up

            too late last night．

            【正】I was very late for school this morning． That’s because I stayed

            up too late last night．（前面为结果，后面为原因。）

            【正】I stayed up too late last night． That’s why I was very late for

            school this morning．（前面为原因，后面为结果。）

五忌 if, whether 和that三者混淆

if多在口语中引导宾语从句；在正式语体中或当引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时则用whether；在doubt等后的宾语从句中肯定句常跟whether或if引导的从句，否定句或疑问句则常跟that引导的从句。如：

            【误】If they will hold a sports meeting is not decided．

            【正】Whether they will hold a sports meeting is not decided．

            【误】I doubt that that was what he wanted．

            【正】I doubt if that was what he wanted．

六忌 语序倒装

     名词性从句一律用陈述语序。如：

            【误】When will the meeting start is unknown to all．

            【正】When the meeting will start is unknown to all．

七忌 从句时态错误

     主句谓语动词的时态为过去时态，名词性从句谓语动词的时态一般要受其影响，要用相应的过去时态（表示客观真理时用一般现在时）。如：

            【误】The man asked his wife where they’ll spend the night．

            【正】The man asked his wife where they would spend the night．

            【误】We don’t know when he returns in the future．（误为时间或条件状语从句）

            【正】We don’t know when he will return in the future。

八忌 从句语气错误

     名词性从句经常出现在用来表示一个并非基于事实的假设的虚拟语气中。

            一、.虚拟语气中的主语从句。常见的句型有：

            1．It is／was＋形容词＋that＋主语（从句）＋（should）＋动词原形……

            常用在该句型中的形容词有： important，impossible，normal，natural，necessary， sorry，strange，等，如：

            【误】It was necessary that the plan was planned carefully．

            【正】It was necessary that the plan（should） be planned carefully．

            2.表示“请求、命令、建议、决心”等意义的名词。如：advice，demand，decision，，order，proposal，requirement，request，suggestion 等，如：

            【误】It is my suggestion that we will get everything ready tonight．

            【正】It is my suggestion that we（should） get everything ready tonight．

            3．It is ／was ＋动词过去分词＋ that＋主语（从句）＋（should）＋动词原形……用在该句型中的动词过去分词表示“请求、命令、建议”等意义。如：advised， begged，desired，demanded，insisted， ordered，proposed，requested， required，suggested等，如：

            【误】It was suggested that each student must sing a song．

            【正】It was suggested that each student（should）sing a song．

            二、虚拟语气中的表语从句与同位语从句。某些表示“建议、请求、命令”等意义的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句需用“（should）＋动词原形”构成谓语。这类名词有：advice，desire，decision， idea，order，plan，proposal，request，suggestion等，如：

            【误】We agree to his idea that we will put on a short play at the

            party．

            【正】We agree to his idea that we（should）put on a short play at the

            party．

            【误】His suggestion was that we would go there by train．

            【正】His suggestion was that we（should）go there by train．

            另外，as if／as though 引导的表语从句，谓语动词用：过去时表示与现在事实相反；过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。如： You look as if／though you were ill．

            三、虚拟语气中的宾语从句。

            1.某些表示“愿望、请求、建议、命令、决心”等意义的动词后的宾语从句需用“（should）＋动词原形”构成谓语。这类动词有：advise，ask，demand，insist，order，propose，request，require，recommend，suggest，

            urge等，如：

            【误】The teacher suggested that we had a meeting．

            【正】The teacher suggested that we（should）have a meeting．

            2.动词 wish 后的宾语从句，若表示不能实现的愿望，谓语动词用过去时表示与现在事实相反的愿望；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望；用“would／could ／might＋动词原形”表示与将来可能发生的事情相反的愿望。如：

            【误】How I wish I saw you yesterday!

            【正】How I wish I had seen you yesterday