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英语中的及物动词和不及物动词区别及用法辨析
(2015-05-08 08:01:54)
标签：
杂谈 |
分类： ❤英语 |
一般在英语里，标注vt的是及物动词，标注vi的是不及物动词。不及物动词没有被动态。
动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（transitive verb）、不及物动词（intransitive verb），缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
英语动词是句子的核心。它既决定着句子意思的表达同时又决定着句子的语法结构。
首先，要分清及物不及物动词。
按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可把动词分成及物动词（表示为vt）和不及物动词（表示为vi）。后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词，本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词。
动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况：
a． 主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可用于："主＋谓＋宾"；"主＋谓＋双宾"；"主＋谓＋宾＋宾补"结构。如：he reached paris the day before yesterday. they asked me to go fishing with them.类似的还有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise,raise, find, forget,receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select,suppose, show, make, take, tell....
1、及物动词是必须带宾语句子结构和意义才完整的动词，可分为如下两类。
1) 及物动词＋宾语例：I love my home. 我爱我家。He bought an English dictionary. 他买了一本英语词典。
2) 及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语例：She taught us maths. 她教我们数学。My mother gave me a new pen. 母亲给了我一支新钢笔。提示：常用的能接双宾语的及物动词有：give, teach, buy, lend, find, hand, leave, sell, show,read, pay, make, offer, build, pass, bring, cook等。
b主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用与："主＋谓"结构。this is the room where i once lived.类似的还有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist,rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeedappear getfeelkeep makeproveremain restrise seem standstayturn turn out, wait, cry, smile, laugh, stop, rain, snow
2、 不及物动词
不及物动词不能接宾语，没有被动语态。
不及物动词不需要跟宾语，本身意义完整。例：She came last week. 她上周来的。It is raining hard. 正下着大雨。Class began at half past seven. 7点半开始上课。What happened yesterday? 昨天发生了什么事？
c．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变。
如begin 都是作"开始"讲。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game.类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....
d．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义完全不同。
这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义；而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted.lift作及物动词时是"升高；举起"。he lifted his glass and drank.
3、同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）类似的还有：beat vi.跳动 vt. 敲、打;grow vi.生长 vt. 种植play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,演奏smell vi.发出（气味） vt. 嗅ring vi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话speak vi.讲话 vt. 说（语言）hang vi. 悬挂 vt. 绞死operate vi.动手术 vt. 操作根据其后是否带宾语，动词可分为及物动词（带宾语）和不及物动词（不带宾语）。如：When will he arrive? 他什么时候到？（arrive 不带宾语，为不及物动词）He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到达北京。（reach 带了宾语，为及物动词）有的动词既可用作及物动词也可用作不及物动词：The child is playing. 这小孩在玩。（不及物用法）The child is playing the piano. 这小孩在弹钢琴。（及物用法）He is writing. 他在写字。（不及物用法）He is writing a letter. 他在写信。（及物用法）The boy is reading. 这男孩在阅读。（不及物用法）The boy is reading a magazine. 这男孩在看杂志。（及物用法）
PS: 24个常见的不及物动词短语
1.break down (stop functioning 坏了，不好使了)that old jeep had a tendency to break down just when i needed it the most.
2.catch on (become popular 出名)popular songs seem to catch on in california first and then spread eastward.
3. come back ( return to a place 返回)father promised that we would never come back to this horrible place.
4. come in ( enter进入)they tried to come in through the back door, but it was locked.
5.come to ( regain consciousness恢复意识)he was hit on the head very hard, but after several minutes, he started to come to again.
6.come over (to visit访问)the children promised to come over, but they never do.
7.drop by (visit without appointment 顺便拜访)we used to just drop by, but they were never home, so we stopped doing that.
8.eat out (dine in a restaurant 外出吃饭)when we visited paris, we loved eating out in the sidewalk cafes.
9. get by ( survive凑合，过得去)uncle heine didn't have much money, but he always seemed to get by without borrowing money from relatives.
10.get up ( arise起床)grandmother tried to get up, but the couch was too low, and she couldn't make it on her own.
11. go back ( return to a place 回到)it's hard to imagine that we will ever go back to lithuania.
12.go on ( continue继续 )he would finish one dickens novel and then just go on to the next.
13. go on (2) ( happen发生 )the cops heard all the noise and stopped to see what was going on.
14. grow up ( get older变老 )charles grew up to be a lot like his father.
15.keep away ( remain at a distance保持距离 )the judge warned the stalker to keep away from his victim's home.
16. keep on (+动名称) ( continue with the same继续保持)he tried to keep on singing long after his voice was ruined.
17. pass out ( lose consciousness, faint昏过去，晕)he had drunk too much; he passed out on the sidewalk outside the bar.
18. show off ( demonstrate haughtily 炫耀)whenever he sat down at the piano, we knew he was going to show off.
19. show up( arrive到达，出现)day after day, efrain showed up for class twenty minutes late.
20. wake up (arouse from sleep醒来)i woke up when the rooster crowed.
21.take place 发生 in 1919,the may 4th movement took place in china.
22.come out出版，出来，is the new edition of the book coming out?
23.come true 实现 your wish will one day come true . 您的愿望总有一天会实现的。
24 run out 用光 ，耗尽 do your homework before you run out of time
那么不及物动词及词组能否用于被动语态呢？
1. 不及物动词没有被动语态
因为不及物动词没有宾语，所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语，故不能用于被动语态。
但是值得注意的是，有些英语中的不及物动词，译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的，很容易出错，这类动词如：take place(发生)，happen(发生)，come about(发生)，break out(爆发)，appear(出现)，disappear(消失)，last(持续)，arise(出现，发生)等：A fire broke out during the night. 夜间发生了火灾。Influenza usually breaks out in winter.流感通常发生在冬季。Use this money when the need arises. 有需要时就使用这笔钱。
2. 某些静态动词不用于被动语态
英语有些静态动词(如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble 等)通常不用于被动语态，如以下各句均不能变为被动语态：My shoes don’t fit me. 我的鞋不合适。The young man lacks experience. 这个年轻人缺乏经验。The hall holds 1000 people. 大厅可容纳1000人。
3. 宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态
由于相互代词和反身代词通常不能用作主语，所以当它们用作动词宾语时，句子不能转换成被动语态：We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。He could see himself in the mirror. 他在镜子中可以看到自己。
（深入体会）相关例句：
1）及物动词
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。
2)不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词。
如：Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三；年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况：
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？(leave 作及物动词)They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如：Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?
4) 与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法不一样，请注意下列两种情况：
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如arrive到达，agree同意，1isten听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。
如：We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较：We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较：We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)
b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词，如serve为…服务。Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务...
动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（transitive verb）、不及物动词（intransitive verb），缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
英语动词是句子的核心。它既决定着句子意思的表达同时又决定着句子的语法结构。
首先，要分清及物不及物动词。
按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可把动词分成及物动词（表示为vt）和不及物动词（表示为vi）。后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词，本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词。
动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况：
a． 主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可用于："主＋谓＋宾"；"主＋谓＋双宾"；"主＋谓＋宾＋宾补"结构。如：he reached paris the day before yesterday. they asked me to go fishing with them.类似的还有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise,raise, find, forget,receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select,suppose, show, make, take, tell....
1、及物动词是必须带宾语句子结构和意义才完整的动词，可分为如下两类。
1) 及物动词＋宾语例：I love my home. 我爱我家。He bought an English dictionary. 他买了一本英语词典。
2) 及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语例：She taught us maths. 她教我们数学。My mother gave me a new pen. 母亲给了我一支新钢笔。提示：常用的能接双宾语的及物动词有：give, teach, buy, lend, find, hand, leave, sell, show,read, pay, make, offer, build, pass, bring, cook等。
b主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用与："主＋谓"结构。this is the room where i once lived.类似的还有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist,rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeedappear getfeelkeep makeproveremain restrise seem standstayturn turn out, wait, cry, smile, laugh, stop, rain, snow
2、 不及物动词
不及物动词不能接宾语，没有被动语态。
不及物动词不需要跟宾语，本身意义完整。例：She came last week. 她上周来的。It is raining hard. 正下着大雨。Class began at half past seven. 7点半开始上课。What happened yesterday? 昨天发生了什么事？
c．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变。
如begin 都是作"开始"讲。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game.类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....
d．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义完全不同。
这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义；而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted.lift作及物动词时是"升高；举起"。he lifted his glass and drank.
3、同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）类似的还有：beat vi.跳动 vt. 敲、打;grow vi.生长 vt. 种植play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,演奏smell vi.发出（气味） vt. 嗅ring vi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话speak vi.讲话 vt. 说（语言）hang vi. 悬挂 vt. 绞死operate vi.动手术 vt. 操作根据其后是否带宾语，动词可分为及物动词（带宾语）和不及物动词（不带宾语）。如：When will he arrive? 他什么时候到？（arrive 不带宾语，为不及物动词）He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到达北京。（reach 带了宾语，为及物动词）有的动词既可用作及物动词也可用作不及物动词：The child is playing. 这小孩在玩。（不及物用法）The child is playing the piano. 这小孩在弹钢琴。（及物用法）He is writing. 他在写字。（不及物用法）He is writing a letter. 他在写信。（及物用法）The boy is reading. 这男孩在阅读。（不及物用法）The boy is reading a magazine. 这男孩在看杂志。（及物用法）
PS: 24个常见的不及物动词短语
1.break down (stop functioning 坏了，不好使了)that old jeep had a tendency to break down just when i needed it the most.
2.catch on (become popular 出名)popular songs seem to catch on in california first and then spread eastward.
3. come back ( return to a place 返回)father promised that we would never come back to this horrible place.
4. come in ( enter进入)they tried to come in through the back door, but it was locked.
5.come to ( regain consciousness恢复意识)he was hit on the head very hard, but after several minutes, he started to come to again.
6.come over (to visit访问)the children promised to come over, but they never do.
7.drop by (visit without appointment 顺便拜访)we used to just drop by, but they were never home, so we stopped doing that.
8.eat out (dine in a restaurant 外出吃饭)when we visited paris, we loved eating out in the sidewalk cafes.
9. get by ( survive凑合，过得去)uncle heine didn't have much money, but he always seemed to get by without borrowing money from relatives.
10.get up ( arise起床)grandmother tried to get up, but the couch was too low, and she couldn't make it on her own.
11. go back ( return to a place 回到)it's hard to imagine that we will ever go back to lithuania.
12.go on ( continue继续 )he would finish one dickens novel and then just go on to the next.
13. go on (2) ( happen发生 )the cops heard all the noise and stopped to see what was going on.
14. grow up ( get older变老 )charles grew up to be a lot like his father.
15.keep away ( remain at a distance保持距离 )the judge warned the stalker to keep away from his victim's home.
16. keep on (+动名称) ( continue with the same继续保持)he tried to keep on singing long after his voice was ruined.
17. pass out ( lose consciousness, faint昏过去，晕)he had drunk too much; he passed out on the sidewalk outside the bar.
18. show off ( demonstrate haughtily 炫耀)whenever he sat down at the piano, we knew he was going to show off.
19. show up( arrive到达，出现)day after day, efrain showed up for class twenty minutes late.
20. wake up (arouse from sleep醒来)i woke up when the rooster crowed.
21.take place 发生 in 1919,the may 4th movement took place in china.
22.come out出版，出来，is the new edition of the book coming out?
23.come true 实现 your wish will one day come true . 您的愿望总有一天会实现的。
24 run out 用光 ，耗尽 do your homework before you run out of time
那么不及物动词及词组能否用于被动语态呢？
1. 不及物动词没有被动语态
因为不及物动词没有宾语，所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语，故不能用于被动语态。
但是值得注意的是，有些英语中的不及物动词，译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的，很容易出错，这类动词如：take place(发生)，happen(发生)，come about(发生)，break out(爆发)，appear(出现)，disappear(消失)，last(持续)，arise(出现，发生)等：A fire broke out during the night. 夜间发生了火灾。Influenza usually breaks out in winter.流感通常发生在冬季。Use this money when the need arises. 有需要时就使用这笔钱。
2. 某些静态动词不用于被动语态
英语有些静态动词(如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble 等)通常不用于被动语态，如以下各句均不能变为被动语态：My shoes don’t fit me. 我的鞋不合适。The young man lacks experience. 这个年轻人缺乏经验。The hall holds 1000 people. 大厅可容纳1000人。
3. 宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态
由于相互代词和反身代词通常不能用作主语，所以当它们用作动词宾语时，句子不能转换成被动语态：We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。He could see himself in the mirror. 他在镜子中可以看到自己。
（深入体会）相关例句：
1）及物动词
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。
2)不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词。
如：Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三；年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况：
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？(leave 作及物动词)They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如：Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?
4) 与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法不一样，请注意下列两种情况：
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如arrive到达，agree同意，1isten听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。
如：We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较：We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较：We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)
b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词，如serve为…服务。Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务
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