By 与 through 的区别

1．by
（1）表示方法，手段。即“用...， 通过...以…方式
”相当于by means of 如：
All work had to be done by hand 所有的工作都是手工进行的。
He makes a living by teaching 他以教书为生。

It happened through no fault of mine.这件事的发生, 并非由于我的任何过错。

He saluted her by raising his hat.他举起帽子向她致意。

She earned money by writing.她靠写作挣钱。

根据；按照to play by the rules按规则比赛
相差His horse won by a nose.他的马以一鼻之差取胜。
（2）表示传达、传递的方式或煤介。如：
How did you send the letter, by airmail or by ordinary mail?
你是怎么发送的这信，是通过航天邮件还是普通邮件？
（3）表示用交通工具、通讯工具后接名词单数，不加冠词。如：
He came by train, but his wife came by bus. 他是乘火车来的，可是他老婆是坐公共汽车来的。
注意下面两句的区别：
Did you come by train? =Did you come in his car / on my bike?
“by +抽象名词”构成的词组有：

by accident / by chance / by diligence / by effort / by force / by heart / by luck / by mistake / by hard work.
（4）指数量增加或减少到的程度，相差。
We lost the match by one goal 我们仅以一球之差输了比赛。
（5）根据，按照
pay sb by the hour /day/week
Sell sth by the pound /meter/ dozen
sell sth by weight/length
As a rule，domestic servants doing odd jobs are paid by the hour 通常，家政服务是按照小时计酬的。

They marched by night.他们夜里进军。
2. through
（1） 表示“以；通过；经由”。如：
He succeeded through hard work.
（2） 空间上通过，透过，经过
Light comes in through the window。光线从窗户进来。
（3） 时间上通过， 自始至终，从头到尾经过
He often works through the night 他常常通宵工作。

注意：在表示手段表示“藉着；以…；经由”时，by, through有时也可换用。如：
Through his efforts he succeeded in making so many useful inventions.

 By his efforts he succeeded in making so many useful inventions
He became rich through hard work.他靠努力工作而致富。

 3、固定搭配

1）through

through：透；彻底
be wet through浑身湿透

through：自始至终，从头到尾
Have you read the letter through?你看完信了吗？
through：情况好；取得成功
I got through with good marks.我考的成绩很好。
through：打通，接通（电话）
Can you put me through to Mr Jones?请帮我接通琼斯先生的电话。

through：做完的；完成的；完毕的
I'm not through just yet.我还没做完。

through：从头到尾
travel through the country游遍全国
go through a bottle of wine喝完一瓶酒
through the ages 古往今来

You are through.[英]你要的电话接通了。
Are you through?[美]你的电话打完了吗?

2) by

by and by不久以后；不一会儿
by and large全盘；总的来说

in days gone by昔日
put your work by for a minute把你的工作稍搁片刻
These oranges were put by for the winter.
这些桔子被储存起来留冬天吃。

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by 与 with的区别：

我们只要搞清楚了，什么东西前面用by，其它的用with就ok了。仔细看：

by:
我们上面说过表示方法，手段，传达、传递的方式或煤介，用交通工具、通讯工具用by表示。例如： 

用无线电联系 reach by radio 
用耳机收听 listen to by earphone 
用手工制造 make by hand 
用电话通知 give information by telephone 
用信通知他 let him know by letter 

with:
表示使用有形的工具时，通常用with来表示。例如： 
用钢笔写 write with a pen 
用肉眼看 see with naked eyes 
用锤子敲打 strike with a hammer 
用秒表计量 measure with a stop watch 
用空气冷却 cool with air 
用毛巾擦 rub with towel 

注意：作“用”讲时，by和with还有一点区别在于：with表示行为动作的工具，后面的名词一般要有冠词；by表示动作的手段，后面的名词一律不带冠词。