英语的三重、四重、五重否定
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问:以前您曾经讲到双重否定,我十分感兴趣。还有比这更复杂的否定吗?
答:有的。比如,还有超过双重否定的多重否定 (multi-negation),
其中三重否定 (triple negative)
比较常见。而四重否定 (quadruple negative)、五重否定
(quintuple negative)
等
多用于法律文件,既有使叙述准确的一面,也有让一般人读不懂而只有请律师之嫌。语言中使用否定是自然而然的事。但是,在一个句子中使用两个否定,读者的脑子就得拐弯,从no拐到
yes。如果是多重否定,拐弯就更多,读者阅读时,好似开着汽车在弯曲的山路上行驶一样吃力。因此,面对像智力测验题一样的多重否定,读者得不断地提醒自己:“两个否定等于一个肯定。”“三个否定等于一个肯定和一个否定。”“四个否定等于两个肯定。”多重否定的使用和人们的习惯用法常常是不一致的,它无端增加理解上的困难,应尽量避免才是。以下是本人在美国讲学时收集到的多重否定的几个例子:
1)
三重否定:He never had no faith in
nobody.(他从来就不信任任何人。)/ We never
thought of nothing wrong.(我们从来没有想到有什么错误。)
2)
四重否定:A plan shall not be treated as not
satisfying the requirements of this paragraph solely because the
spouse of the participant is not entitled to receive a
survivor annuity unless the participant and his spouse have
been married throughout the one-year period ending on the date of
such participant’s death.(制订一个符合本段要求的计划,因为只有从死者谢世之日算起,夫妇结婚已满一年者,参加保险者的配偶才能领取保险金。)
3)
五重否定:It is an unfair act for a lender to take
from a consumer a security interest other than a purchase
money security interest, except, where the proceeds of a
personal loan are not to be primarily applied to the
purchase of consumer goods, the lender may take a security interest
other than household goods.(债主向借贷者收取购物物款保证金以外的保证金是不公平的;如果借贷者的个人贷款的钱不是主要用来购买消费品,债主可以向他收取一笔保证金,但不是借贷者家中的用具。)
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