本单元的语法重点是直接引语与间接引语。学习时，我们应注意以下几点：

一、概念

    一字不改地将别人的话加以引用，称作直接引语，须放在引号内；用自己的话对别人的话加以转述，叫作间接引语，不用放在引号内，而用that等连词引导宾语从句来表达 (that在口语中可以省略)。

二、直接引语变间接引语时，句型的变化是重点，另外句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、动词都要作相应的变化。具体如下：

    1.句型变化

1).直接引语是陈述句时：said to sb改成told sb + that

   He said to me, “I was born in 1973.”

   →He told me that he was born in 1973.

2).直接引语是特殊疑问句时，从句要用陈述语序：said (to sb) 改成asked sb + 特殊疑问词

   She said, “What are you doing?”

   →She asked me what I was doing.

3).直接引语是一般疑问句时的变法：用asked sb. if (whether) + 陈述句语序来表达。如：
①.My teacher asked me, “Do you like American country music?”
  → My teacher asked me if (或whether) I liked American country music.
②.She said, “Do you often come here to read newspapers?”
  →She asked me if (或whether) I often went there to read newspapers.

4).直接引语是反意疑问句的变法：用asked sb. if (whether) + 陈述句语序来表达。如：
①.She asked me, “You have seen the film, haven’t you?”
  →She asked me if (或whether) I had seen the film.
②.“You haven't been to Beijing, have you?” asked he.
  → He asked me if/ (或whether)  I had been to Beijing.

5).当直接引语是否定的一般疑问句或选择疑问句的变法：用asked sb if (whether) … or。来表达。如：

1).She said, “Don't you know my telephone number?”
  → She asked me whether I knew her telephone number or not.
2). “Do you like this one or that one? Tom asked.
  → Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one.

3).I asked him, “Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?”
  →I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.

    2.人称变化 (一般遵循这句顺口溜 “一随主，二随宾，第三人称无变化”)

1).“一随主”是指引号内的主语人称是第一人称或被第一人称修饰，变间接引语时，

    人称要变成引号外（或称为主句）的主语人称。如：

①.They said, “We will go there by bus.”

   →They said they would go there by bus.

②.She said “My sister wants to go with me.”

   →She said (that) her sister wanted to go with her.

2).“二随宾”是指引号内的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，变间接引语时，

    人称要变成引号外的宾语人称。如果引号外没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。如：

①.She said to me, “Are you interested in science?”

   →She asked me if I was interested in science.

②.He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"

   →He asked Kate how her sister was then.

③.She said, “Your pronunciation is better than his.”

   →She told me that my pronunciation was better than his.

3).“第三人称不用变”是指引号内的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，变间接引语时，

    人称一般不需要变化。如：

①.His mother said to me, “He can't go to school.”

   →His mother told me that he couldn't go to school.

②.Mr Smith said, "Jack’s brother is a good worker."

   →Mr Smith said Jack’s brother was a good worker.

    3.时态变化

    同宾语从句的谓语动词变化一致，分为两种情况：

    第一，如果主句的谓语动词为一般现在时或将来时，则间接引语谓语动词可以根据需要用任何一种时态，如：

①.一般现在时。如：

   He says, “I have finished my homework.”

   →He says that he has finished his homework.

②.一般将来时。如：

   She will say, “I'll do it tomorrow.”

   →She will say that she'll do it the next day.

    第二，是如果主句的谓语动词为一般过去时，详细变化情况如下：

1).时态需要变化的是：

①.一般现在时变一般过去时：

   The girl said, “I'm sorry for being late for class.”

   →The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class.

②.一般过去时变过去完成时：

   He said to me, “I met your father.”

   →He told me that he had met my father.

③.一般将来时变过去将来时：

   She said, “He will go to see his friend.”

   →She said he would go to see his friend.

④.现在完成时变过去完成时：

   She said. “I have lost a pen.”

   →She said that she had lost a pen

⑤.现在进行时变过去进行时：

   She said to me, “I’m studying Japanese these days.”

   →She told me that she was studying Japanese those days.

2).时态不需要变化的是：

    直接引语中是：

①.客观真理：

  “The earth goes around the sun.” said the teacher.

   →The teacher said the earth goes around the sun.

②.有具体的过去年月日：

   Xiao Wang said. “I was born on April 21,1980.”

   →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980.

③.过去完成时：

   She said, “They had left when I arrived there.”

   →She said they had left when she arrived there.

④.过去进行时：

   Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?”

   →Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street.

⑤.情态动词没有过去时的形式（ought to, had better, used to)

   或已经是过去时的形式时 (could, should, would, might)：

   Peter said. “You had better come here today.”

   →Peter said I had better go there that day.

   He said , “I could swim when I was only six.”

   →He said that he could swim when he was only six.

⑥.一般现在时(表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作)：

   He said, “I get up at six every morning.”

   →He said he gets up at six every morning.

⑦.一般现在时(表示所述事实在当时和目前同样生效)：

   He said, “I’m a boy, not a girl.”

   →He said that he is a boy, not a girl.

    4.指示代词变化

1).this --- that

   He said, “I want this.” →He said that he wanted that.

2).these --- those

   He said, "These books are mine." →He said that those books were his.

△(如果转述发生在当天、当地的事，引语中的(come, here, today, this morning, yesterday,

   tomorrow)等不必改变：

   Bob’s wife said, “Bob, you forgot your wallet this morning.”

   →Bob’s wife told Bob that he forgot his wallet this morning. 

    5.时间状语变化

1).now --- then

   He said, “I am very busy now.”

   →He said he was very busy then.

2).today --- that day

   Kitty said “I’ll call again after supper today.”

   →Kitty said she would call again after supper that day.

3).tonight --- that night

   She said, “I will come here again tonight.”

   →She said she would go there again that night.

4).this week (month, etc) --- that week (month, etc)

  “I will take the dictionary home with me this week,” he said.

    →He said that he would take the dictionary home with him that week.

5).yesterday --- the day before

   He said, “I bought a bike yesteray.”

   →He said that he had bought a bike the day before.

6).yestersay morning --- the morning before

   He said, “I arrived yesterday morning.”

   →He said he had arrived the morning before.

7).the day before yesterday --- two days before

   He said, “I saw a film the day before yesteray.”

   →He said that he had seen a film two days before.

8).last week (month, etc) --- the week (month, etc) before

   She said, “He left for Shanghai last week.”

   →She said that he had left for Shanghai the week before.

9).tomorrow --- the next (following) day

   She said, “I'll do it tomorrow.”

   →She said that she would do it the next day.

10).tomorrow morning --- the next (following) morning

   She said , “My sister will be back tomorrow morning.”

   →She said that her sister would be back the next morning.

11).the day after tomorrow --- in two days’ time

   She said to me, “I will visit Shanghai the day after tomorrow.”

   →She told me that she would visit Shanghai in two days’ time.

12).next week (month, etc) --- the next (following) week (month, etc)

   He asked, “Where is she going next week?”

   →He asked her where she was going the next week.

13).a/one year (two years) ago --- a/one year (two years) before

  “What happened to her two years ago?” he asked.

   →He asked (her) what had happened to her two years before.

△如果转述发生在当天、当地的事，引语中的today, this morning, yesterday, tomorrow 等不必改变：

   ⑴.Peter said. “You had better come hare today.”

      →Peter said I had better go there today.

   ⑵.Bob’s wife said, “Bob, you forgot your wallet this morning.”

      →Bob’s wife told Bob that he forgot his wallet this morning.

    6.地点状语变化

1).here --- there  如：

   He said, “I’ll come here tonight.”

   →He said he would go there that night.

△如果转述发生在当天、当地的事，引语中的here不必改变：

    7.动词变化

1).bring --- take

   He said, “I will bring the dictionary to you tonight.”

   →He said that he would take the dictionary to me that night.

2).come --- go

   Peter said. “You had better come hare today.”

   →Peter said I had better go there that day.

3).can --- could

   Tom said, “I can swim across this river.”

   →Tom said that he could swim that river.

4).may --- might

   Mary said to Jim, “You may go home now.”

   →Mary told Jim that he might go home then.

5).must --- had to (would have to)  如：

  “You must stay in bed for a few days,”said the doctor.

   →The doctor told me that I had to stay in bed for a few days.

△如果转述发生在当天、当地的事，引语中的come不必改变：

 直接引语与间接引语练习：

I. 单句改错：

1.She said that their bus will arrive in five minutes.

2.John said that he is going to London with his father.

3.He told me that he has taught English since he came here.

4.The teacher told me that I must pay more attention to his pronunciation.

5.He asked me how was the matter with me.

6.She asked me when had they their dinner.

7.He said that he can swim when he was only six.

8.He said these books were his.

9.She told me that he had been joined the League on April 2l,1980.

10.He told me where I lived.

11.She said that she would go this evening

12.He said that the sun was bigger than the moon.

13.She told him that he hadn’t returned her book to him.

14.He said that he was washing his clothes now.

15.She told me that she was studying Japanes these days.

 

参考答案

1.will --- would  2.is --- was  3.has --- had  4.his --- my 

5.how --- what  6.had they --- they had  7.can --- could  8.these --- those 

9.had joined --- joined  10.told --- asked  11.this --- that  12.was --- is 

13.第二个him --- her  14.now --- then  15.these --- those

 

II. 将所给直接引语变为间接引语，每空一词：

1.“I never drink milk.” he said.

   He said that ______ never ______ milk.

2.“I met her yesterday.” he said to me.

   He ______ me that he ______ met her the day ______.

3.She said, “I will come here again tonight.”

   She said that she ______ go ______ again ______ night.

4.“I’ve found my umbrella.” he said to me.

   He ______ me that he ______  ______  ______ umbrella.

5.The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.”

   The teacher said that the sun ______ in the east and ______ down in the west.

6.He said, “You can sit here, John.”

   He ______ John that he ______ sit ______.

7.“I bought the house 5 years ago.” he said.

   He said that he ______ bought the house 5 years ______.

8 “What’s happened, Jim?” he asked.

   He asked ______ what ______ happened.

9.“How did you find it?” He asked hisfather.

   He asked her father ______  ______  ______ found it.

10.“Where have you been these days?” he asked.

   He asked me _______ _______ _______been _______ days.

 

参考答案

1. he; drank   2. told; had; before   3. would; there; that

4. told; had; found; his   5. rise, goes   6. told; could; there

7. had; before   8. Jim; had   9. how; he; had

10. where, I, had, those