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So 的替代用法

(2009-09-17 15:27:24)
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so的替代用法

教育

分类: 英语学习

So  的替代用法

英语中为了避免重复前面已经提到过的词,词组或从句,常常用so 来代替。使语言简练。下面谈谈so 的一些替代用法:

(一) so 的替代作用

1.    替代表语

so 可以用在be,appear,become,get,keep,seem,prove,turn等系动词之后,替代前面已经提到过的用作表语的形容词或名词。例如:

I was not satisfied, but I tried to appear so, to please him

我并不满意,但是为了让他高兴,我尽量显得很满意。

He has been very helpful to me in the past and I hope he will be so in the future.

过去他一直对我帮助很大,我希望他今后还会这样。

I he a faithful friend ?----he has proved so ( a faithful friend )

他是个忠实的朋友吗?----他已证明是的。

He was angry ,and she certainly seemed so (=angry)

他生气了,她很像也生气了。

So 作表语是可以用more,less,much等来修饰:

Of all the people ,no one is more so than Bob.

没有人比鲍勃更粗心大意了.

2.    替代宾语

在believe, expect, hope, suppose,think,assume,presume,fear,imagine,fancy,guess,hear,say,tell,I’m afraid等表示看法和意见的词语之后,so可以作宾语代替前面出现过的从句。例如:

——have you got enough money?

——I think so.(=we have got enough money).

——我们有足够的钱吗?

——我想我们有。

——And that is all you can tell us ?你能告诉我们这些吗?

——I am afraid so.    恐怕就这些。

――Do you think we’ll have good weather?  你认为我们会有好天气吗?

——I hope so ..我希望这样。

――I went to the bookstore and look for that book and found it sold out

我到书店去买这本书可是卖完了。

.――I told you so. 我告诉过你的。

 So 用来代替宾语从句时所表达的看法通常带有婉转的口气,即不肯定也不否定。如果在回答或反应中用的是表示肯定或明显怀疑口气的动词,那么就不能用so 与之搭配。例如:

——Will Mary come to the party tomorrow ?

——I’m sure she is .(或I doubt if she will come to the party),不能说:I’m sure so (或I doubt so)

3. 代替状语

so可以在句中代替前面出现过的副词或介词短语,在句中作状语。例如:

John searched the big room very carefully and the small one less so. (=carefully)

约翰非常仔细地搜索了那间大房间,搜索那间小房间时就不那么仔细了.

He asked Tom to handle the business with care but he didn’t handle it so. (with care)

他要求汤母仔细处理这件事,但是他没有这么做.

4. 代替宾语补语。

在keep, find等使役动词之后,so可以替代前面出现过的形容词、介词短语等,在句中作宾语补语。例如:

But however insincere you may be, you shall not find me so. (=insincere)

无论你多么不诚实,你决不会发现我不诚实。

Things are in good shape, and I like to keep them so. (=in good shape)

一切都井井有条,我就喜欢保持这个样子。

5. 替代谓语部分

she’ll never be like what she was, but her life was saved. Her appearance is greatly changed,but her character more so (=changed ).

她再也不会象过去那样了,但她的性命却保住了。她的面目全非,性格更是大有改变。

People say that she is ill-treated,and perhaps she might be so (=ill-treated).

人们都说她受到虐待,或许果真如此。

(二) so替代结构的否定形式

1.    so 替代结构的否定形式有两种:

(1)    否定的谓语动词+so (即 not…so )

―― Is John coming?

―― I don’t think so..(=I don’t think that he is coming.)

  ――Was he an honest man?

――I don’t imagine so.

---I didn’t say so.

2. 肯定的谓语动词+not

――Is John coming?

――I think not.(=I don’t think that he is coming.)

-----It won’t take long, will it?

---No, I suppose not.

但是,在I’m afraid和hope后面,否定式要用not而不用so:

――Can you come next week?――I’m afraid not.

――I hope the plane won’t be late.――I hope not . I’m sure it won’t be

但是,say的两种形式有时会有不同含义:

A:Tom said there would be a demonstration.汤姆说将会有一次游行示威。

B: Really? John didn’t say so.真的?约翰没这么说呀。(=John didn’t say that there would be---)C: Mary said not.玛丽说没有。(=Mary said there would not be ---)

另外,tell的否定式常用not---so:

――Tom said there would be a demonstration.

――Really? He didn’t tell me so. (一般不说:He told me not).

 

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