国际象棋的计划构思(编译)

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按:国际象棋的计划,有的人说有,有的人说没有,有的人说,别管有没有计划,下就是了。我是支持有计划的,所以,看到一篇有关计划构思的文章就存了起来。最近看棋、下棋觉得有进步,起码是自己下棋的时候知道我要往那里进攻,看顶级赛事的棋谱也能在专家的评注帮助下从云里雾里看出点端倪,所以开始着手编译。喜欢编译,因为编译可以不去吹毛求疵,不必为一字一词的精准大海捞针,省下很多时间。当然,有时候也会因为是东拿一段,西取一段,内容上有点自相矛盾。但是本着学习的态度,就各取所需吧!随着年龄的增长,你会发现所有问题都会有左中右三种答案,只能按自己的年龄、经历、爱好、背景、教育等等,来选一个自己喜好的。
有人说评估局面和构思计划是国际象棋中最值得学习的东西。可惜的是绝大多数棋手都对它缺乏了解。趁着这个机会,和老安一起看看怎样构思一个计划。主要来源:
http://www.angelfire.com/journal2/chess/planning.html
首先得看看什么是计划?计划就是这样一个过程,根据局面,把自己的优点最大化,把自己的缺点最小化。这里需要对局面作出一个正确的评价,如果双方势均力敌,这个计划就比较难做;如果占点优势,那就容易许多。
有人写了本书,叫做《如何再评价你的国际象棋》,里面就提到国际象棋就是要努力制造对自己有利的不平衡,并围绕这个不平衡构思自己的计划。那么什么是不平衡呢?就是白棋和黑棋的任何不同点。书中列了七个主要的不平衡:
1. 轻子
2. 兵结构
3. 空间
4. 子力
5. 开放线和弱格
6. 出子
7. 主动权
构思计划
1. 用这7个不平衡来对局面进行分析,在棋盘那一边存在对自己有利的不平衡,或者可以制造对自己有利的不平衡(王翼,中心,或者后翼)。
2.
3. 通过计算来确认你选择的招法是否可行。
4. 要记住一点,找到一个计划,并围绕计划走子。
当你考虑计划的时候,两个关键的因素-集中和机动。也就是说,当我们基于不平衡,为与计划有关的棋子寻找最好的格子的时候,尽量把他们放在最能影响中心和最具机动性的格子里。
一个棋子控制一个关键的中心格要比一个棋子控制许多边线的格子重要。
http://s9/middle/621c4ed8gc4ea66e7d9f8&690
我认为白棋的局面好点,因为它有一个控制中心的c4兵,还有空间优势。白棋的出子也比黑棋要好。黑棋的弱点是有一个在d6上的落后兵,这个兵应该走到d5上。如果我的马走到e5上,黑棋的兵走到d5上的话,我就可以cxd5。这样子的话,我会有很多的进攻手段来控制d5,尤其是如果我把车放在d1上。
那么,基于局面的不平衡理论,白棋的计划应该是什么样的啊?我注意到在希尔曼的书中有两条思路。第一条是立刻加强白棋在中心的优势,走1.e4,控制d5格/或者发动对d6上的落后兵的进攻。如果你有优势,你就必须利用它,要不然就会失去!白棋有优势,就必须坚定地扩大优势。第二条,当你出子比对方迅速的时候,你必须发现对方最弱的点位,并对它施加更大的压力。所以,我会选择一个以1.Rd1开始,随着b3、Ba3的清晰的进攻落后兵的计划。希尔曼认为接下来白棋可能会走Ng5以便把白格像兑掉。而我认为这样子出子迅速的一方并不能有效地进攻,因为黑棋的机动性还十分弱。
从上面这个例子我们可以看出在一局棋里一个棋手应该怎样思考。首先,分析局面,找到主要的不平衡。在这个例子中白棋占有空间和中心的优势,出子也较快,黑棋在d6上的兵也是弱点。我们也看到集中和机动在追求这些优势过程中的作用。不是所有的计划都能这么清晰,但这就是我们在一局棋里应该如何思考的方法。
记住并运用下面这些规则在自己的对局中对构思一个计划非常有帮助。
这些规则摘自希尔曼的书,《爱好者的想法》:“把国际象棋的错觉转化成国际象棋的优势”。每当我们分析局面构思计划的时候,都应该把这些规则认真的过一遍。但是,每一个局面又都有自己的独立性,所以不要坠入死记硬背模式,要把局面和规则结合起来看。
轻子的10条规则:
1. 像和马都值3个兵。
2. 在开局阶段象最好,因为很少有兵挡住它的去路。
3. 在残局中象较强,因为它在长距离攻击能力。
4. “坏象”这个词,意思就是你的象被你自己的相同色格上的兵挡住了。
5. 像的弱点在于只能控制一种颜色的格子,所以,一对像就弥补了这个弱点。
6. 马在封闭的兵形成对峙的局面中占优。
7. 马通常占据棋盘的中心较好。
8. 马,前面需要落脚点,后面需要有效的支持。马一旦到了第五、第六横线就变得非常强大,尤其是马到了第六横线,简直就可以与一个车相媲美。
9. 在残局中,如果双方的兵在同一边上,马就占优。因为这时候像的长距离攻击能力不能显示出来,而马可以去不同颜色的格子上。
10.
对付马的策略就是前堵后截,就是控制住马要去的格子,去掉它的支援。如果能做到这点,它就比像差。
http://s2/middle/621c4ed8gc51365fab921&690
这也是一个从希尔曼的书里拿来的例子,利用轻子不平衡的规则10,白棋可以使黑棋的马毫无用处,而自己的双象可以完全控制局面。
白棋先,霍特1.g5,把黑马可以走上去的f6格子占了。1...Bc8 2. g4! 现在黑棋的王和象不能再利用h5和f5格子。黑棋陷于彻底的被动,实际上最后输掉了整盘棋。
中心的规则
1. 用兵来占领和控制中心,使得兵的所有者不但得到了地盘而且控制着关键的格子。
2.
一旦你用兵控制了中心,力争使其坚不可摧。如果你达到了控制中心的目的,那么在剩下的比赛中,你的对手的棋将非常拥堵。
3.
不要过早挺近中心兵,要知道每个兵的推进,都会在其身后留下弱点。只有能够让你获的战术优势的时候,才向前推进兵!
4.
如果你的对手用兵控制了中心,你就必须努力进攻和破坏它。
5.
如果中心兵被兑掉,那么就为车创造了开放线。
6.
如果中心形成僵持局面,那么就要寻求两翼突破。
7.
在一个封闭的局面中,你知道哪里是进攻的方向。兵指向的格子,你拥有更多的空间,也是你想控制的区域。
8.
在一个全开放的局面中,你可以用你的棋子发动进攻。在一个封闭的局面中,一般意味着你必须用兵来发动进攻。(这使您能够控制更多的空间和为车找到开放线。)
http://s9/middle/621c4ed8gc514d0c6efe8&690
这里是一个典型的例子,教你如何利用强大的中心。白棋的棋子都已经有效地出动,并且控制着中心。根据中心规则的第3条,白棋要立马利用它的中心优势,要不然就会失去这个优势,因为,这时候黑棋会走出像...Ng6,
...Qb6, ...Rad8这样的步子,完成它的出子,达成一个可以与白棋抗衡的防守体系。
在上面这个局面中,鲁宾斯坦走1.d5!利用他的中心战术优势制造一个通路兵。白棋的中心优势是明显的,因为d1上的白车对应d8上的黑后,另外黑棋浅色格象的缺失(不平衡),增加了c4上的白象的重要性,也使得f3上的白后对f7格有更大的威胁。我们也可以看到拥有双象的一方会从开放的线路上受益。
接着他们是这样走的 13...exd5 14. exd5, Qb6 (如果 15...cxd5 那么 15. Nxd5, Nxd5 16. Bxd5 (威胁 Bxf7+) 16...Qb6 17. Bxb7 白棋赢一个兵。) 15. d6 白棋把自己中心的优势转化成另外一个优势---一个通路兵。
空间规则
1. 当你有更多的空间,应该避免兑子。
2.
如果你的空间占有少于对方,兑掉一二个子会获得更多的空间来周旋。
3.
空间的优势是永久的,长期优势。你不必急着利用它。慢慢受用。
如上图,白棋先走。仔细地评估这个局面就会发现,白棋拥有空间优势。那么根据空间规则,这时候我们就应该避免兑换马。
你要如何下?如果你选择1.hxg5,那么,你的优势将被瓦解。因为,1...hxg5之后,黑棋就能够挑战h线和兑掉车,而h线成为唯一的切入点。
怎么办呢?按照规则,慢慢地享用空间的优势。要走的话,首先,走1.Nc3避免兑子,接下来,准备把马放入d5这个中心大洞里。
那么,简单有效的计划就应该是充分利用在h竖线上空间优势。在这个竖线上黑棋只能利用其中的两个格子。而白棋可利用的格子是它的3倍。所以,白棋可以慢慢地筹划,准备从这里突破。鲁迪这样走的:
基于希尔曼书中的描写,我把有关兵的规则列在这里:
弱兵极其结构的规则
1. 如果一个弱兵能被进攻,就是一个弱点。
2. 弱兵在受到攻击前,应该有所节制或者保护。
3. 落后兵前面的弱格的问题通常要比弱兵更为严重。
4. 落后兵通常起着掩护前面兵的作用。如果一个落后兵的前面得到很好的保护,就不算坏。
5. 为了抢占一个弱格,兑掉它的守卫者是值得的。
6. 叠兵降低了他们的灵活性。通常向前进攻了的叠兵是最弱的。
7. 产生叠兵的同时,也为车制造了开放线,增强了格子的控制力。
8. 孤兵在半开放线上最容易受到攻击。
9. 为了得到一个半开放线,而制造一个叠兵。
10.
11. 有弱兵的一方必须寻求动态的战略。
12. 通常,悬在c线和d线上的兵,控制许多非常重要的格子,占有更多的空间,应付来自b线和e线上的进攻。13. 没有受到保护的兵是弱点。
14. 受到保护的兵不总是是一个优势。例如它的前面被控制着或者阻碍着。
15.
通路兵是非常强大的。如果拥有者能够开辟其他战场,那么到了残局这个通路兵就成了胜利的保证。如果它的前进道路没有拦路虎,通路兵也很强大。
看看上面这个局面,那一方更好些?为什么?努力想想黑棋的最好计划应该是怎样的。(练习一,答案附后)
出子的原则
1.
出子领先就是自己比对手有更多的棋子参与进攻和防守。
2. 保持领先就是要不断地寻找有侵略性的招法。四平八稳不给对手施加压力,他就会非常从容地完成出子。
3. 出子优势一般指发生在开局阶段。如果你出来的子多,局面又开阔,那就不要犹豫发动进攻。
4. 如果你有出子优势,对方的王还在中间,就要考虑如何攻击对方的王。
5. 在封闭开局中,出子优势有时候显示不出来,因为,封闭的竖线阻止了你的突破。
http://s11/middle/621c4ed8gc51c9c1560aa&690
上图是轮到白棋走了,许多棋手都会想到有点贪的8.Qxb7,但是,这样走的话,就给黑棋对后的机会。而有些计算机软件又想走
The following example shows how to seize the initiative when one possess a lead in development.
http://s16/middle/621c4ed8gc51c9f0067af&690
上面这个例子是从一本《出子领先》的书中摘取的。白棋在中心有优势,出子也占优。他要怎样利用这些动态优势?简单。他开放竖线。白棋 16. e5! 然后 16...dxe5 17. dxe5 Ne6 18. Ne4 这样就有了一个比较有力的进攻。在棋局里,杰克森吃掉了第二个兵(黑棋的选择余地不大),走法是18...Bxe5 19. Nxe6, Bxe6 (19...Qxe6 20. Bc4! 赢) 20. Bc4, Qc7 21. Nd6!!, Bxd6 22. Rxe6+ 毁灭性的打击。
预测对手的计划
低手和高手的一个主要区别是:制定自己的计划时考虑对手的计划。
下面这个例子也是从希尔曼的书里来的。
http://s16/middle/621c4ed8gc51ca61abf1f&690
你持白,先走。找到那些不平衡因素,制定自己的计划,记住,也要考虑对手的计划,否则的话你会失掉优势。(练习三,答案附后)
结束语:
形成一个计划的时候一定要考虑局面的不同。计划要基于那些不平衡因素。决定你要在棋盘的中心还是王翼还是后翼发力。围绕着这些考虑来制定自己的计划。
下面是从希尔曼的同一本书里来的两个练习。
练习四:
http://s7/middle/621c4ed8gc51ca9c28936&690
黑棋先走,写下其中的不平衡因素。问问自己黑棋的最好招法是什么,他的计划应该是怎样的?答案附后。
练习五:
下面这个练习,黑棋好像局面更好,你看看这是真的吗?白棋先行,他应该怎么办?
http://s1/middle/621c4ed8gc51cac8a48c0&690
通过分析,写下不平衡因素,为白棋制定计划。答案附后。
附录:练习答案
练习一:
http://s11/middle/621c4ed8gc5251b681e9a&690
The above position is from the game Wood-Seirawan, Seattle 1994 and is taken form the book, "Winning Chess Strategies" by Seirawan and Silman.
Checking our imbalances first we notice that white has a "bad" bishop as his central pawns are on the same color as his dark-squared bishop. This demonstrates that we have a knight versus bishop battle where the knignt is better. Blacks plan in this position was to use his space on the queenside and played a minority attack in order to create a target in the enemy camp by playing 1...b5! He later succeded in continuing with the plan of ...Rb8, ...b5-b4 and ...bxc3 creating a pawn weakness on c3 and a2. Black eventually surrounded these targets which lead to victory.
Remember weak enemy pawns wont magically appear; you must strive to create them! --GM Seirawan.
练习二:
http://s11/middle/621c4ed8gc51c9c1560aa&690
In the above position after 1. e4, e5 2. Nf3, d6 3. d4, Bg4 4. dxe5, Bxf3 5. Qxf3, dxe5 6. Bc4!, Nf6 7. Qb3, Qe7 Paul Morphy played a move most computers fail to appreciate:
8. Nc3!
Development! Morphy was the first player to truly understand the value of development.
The game continued famously in Morphy-Duke of Brunswick with Count Isourd, Paris, 1858:
8...c6
9. Bg5, b5
Some computers actually want to play 9...b5?! It is hard to find good alternatives. After 9....h6; 10. Bxf6!, gxf6; [10...Qxf6??; 11. Qxb7 and white is clearly better, and after ...gxf6; Black majorly lags in development and has a HORRIBLE Pawn structure. or 9...Qc7; 10. a4, Bc5; 11. Rd1!, 0-0; 12. Bxf6, gxf6; 13. 0-0 with clear advantage to white
And now came:
10. Nxb5!!, cxb5
11. Bxb5+, Nbd7
12. 0-0-0, Rd8
http://s7/middle/621c4ed8gc54ffa97ffb6&690
13. Rxd7!, Rxd7
14. Rd1, Qe6
http://s11/middle/621c4ed8gc54ffc152ada&690
15. Bxd7+!, Nxd7
16. Qb8+, Nxb8
17. Rd8#.
http://s1/middle/621c4ed8gc54ffdf10cc0&690
http://s7/middle/621c4ed8gc52f3ef4d0f6&690
This position was tested on several amateurs in Silman's book.
Here one can recognize the major imbalance of the position is the pawn majority imblance; White has a majority on the kingside and in the center, black on the queenside. White has an edge in space and a momentary edge in development. White would like to advance with f2-f4 to get his majority rolling. That is his basic plan. This was easily recognized by all classes of players tested.
3 players ranging from C, B, and A class all played the same move 1. 0-0 here. While this might be desirable it doesn't take into account blacks counter-plans.
After 1. 0-0, Be6 2. f4, Qd4+ 3. Kh1 (or Kh2), 0-0-0 4. Bc2, Bc4 black seizes the initiative by his counter-attack on the weak central dark squares starting with 2...Qd4+.
As Silman notes, "class players will make great strides once he realizes that the control of individual squares is as important as any other strategy.
The position in this game comes from Alekhine-Marshall, Baden Baden, 1925. Take notice of how Alekhine handled the white pieces:
1. Qd2 preparing f2-f4 as well as Q-side castling.
1...Bd7
2. Qe3! Alekhine takes control of d4 stopping the counter-play that was achieved in the amateur example above. He also stops Q-side castlign by black here.
2...Bc6?! Marshall prepares a possible counter-attack on the white e-pawn but it seems to slow. Silman notes that better was 2...Qa5 when he can safely castle Queenside.
3. 0-0-0 By castling Queenside white is free to advance his kingside majority without worrying about the loosening of his own king position.
3...0-0.
4. f4
Notice white now has the initiative as his majority pawn advance gains time on the enemy pieces.
4...Qe6
5. e5 Another threat, white is snuffing any hopes of counter-play from the black position.
5...Rfe8
6. Rhe1, Rad8
7. f5! White's attack is now in full swing.
7...Qe7
8. Qg5, Nd5
9. f6, Qf8
10. Bc4! Black is totally on the defensive now.
10...Nxc3
11. Rxd8, Rxd8
12. fxg7! Taking advantage of the fact that the Queen is the only defender of the rook on d8.
12...Nxa2+ (also hopeless was 12...Qe8 13. Bxf7+, Kxf7 14. Rf1+, Ke6 15. Rf6+)
13. Kb1!
Notice white doesnt get careless and play "automatic moves." The routine 13. Bxa2 would give black a saving check on c5.
13...Qe8
14. e6!, Be4+
15. Ka1 (but not 15. Kxa2?? with a self-mate as 15...Qa4#) White could also win with 15. Rxe4 though black gets some temporary counter-play. Notice how Alekhine's play allows black no counterplay whatsoever.
15...f5 (or 15...fxe6 16. Bxe6+, Qxe6 17. Qxd8+, Kxg7 18. Qd4+ followied by the capture of blacks bishop)
16. e7+, Rd5
17. Qf6, Qf7
18. e8=Q+ Black resigned as mate comes in 2 more moves.
练习四:
http://s7/middle/621c4ed8gc51ca9c28936&690
This is the first test given in Amateur's Mind at the end of the book. I took a notebook and wrote down the follwing analysis:
There is a major material imbalance black has 3 minor pieces; 2 bishops and knight for Queen, an advantage.
Black's fianchettoed bishop combined with his half open c-file dictate Queenside play this is the side of the board he should play on. White has a space advantage on the kingside and will try to advance his pawns there.
The first thing I will play is ...d6 to stop the advance of whites pawns, this also frees a potential line for my bishop.
I want to develop my king knight and castle but I dont want to block the line of my strong fianchettoed bishop so I will play ...Nh6 and ...0-0.
My plan on the Queenside is a minority attack with ...b5-b4 possibly supported by ...Rb8.
My fantasy position is P/b4 Rab8, Nh6, 0-0, Ba6, Rfc8 and a possible Na5 with a Queenside attack.
I will play ...d6 followed by ...b5 and continue with my plan. I want to get in ...b5 asap in case white anticipates my plan with a4 or c4 even though i can continue my plan with ...a6. However ...d6 is critical and I will play it first.
Now for IM Silman's Notes:
In the game the amateur played 1...Nf6? (a move I never considered). This was a mistake. "Better was the obvious 12...d6 when 13...Nf6 would have worked rather well. White's problem is he has nothing to attack in the Black position. Of course black should also be looking for ways to attack White's camp...By moving his pawn to d6 black is telling White that an e4-e5 advance will either lose a pawn or leave the first player with a weak e pawn after ...dxe5. Having nullified e4-e5 black could then have developed in peace. Plans like b7-b5-b4 would eventually would eventually open some lines and highlighted the superiority of the black minor pieces over the White Queen."
I gave myself an 'A' on this one.
练习五:
http://s1/middle/621c4ed8gc51cac8a48c0&690
I leave you with IM Silman's instructive analysis:
Black appears to have an excellent position. His bishop is active and his pawns on e6 and d6 cover the key squares e5, d5, and c5. To make matters worse for white black possesses more space on the queenside.
Imbalances:
White center pawns are pointing to the Queenside and his bishop also aims in that direction. This suggests white should look for queenside play.
Neither player has any aggressively posted pieces on the kingside. There are also no weaknesses on either side to attack, this tells us that kingside attacks shouldnt be considered for either side.
Both sides have solid central positions so active play there is doubtful.
White's bishop, which happens to be a 'Good Bishop' since his central pawns are on the opposite color and thus dont block it, is less active than blacks counterpart.
What can be done to activate whites bishop?
Neither side has any clear weaknesses to attack. This is the key idea in the position! How can white create targets in the enemy camp?
White should be asking himself the following questions 1) How can I make my bishop stronger? 2) How can I get both of my rooks in the game? 3) How can I initiate queenside play? 4) How can I create weakness in blacks queenside fortess? 5) How can i get my knights into the action?
Answer: 1. a4!
The only correct decision. Suddenly White is challenging Black for queenside space. He is hitting the black b-pawn and by doing so, turns his bishop into an active piece. Also the rook on a1, which seemed so useless a moment ago, shows that it is beautifully placed on its original square.
1..b4
Black doesnt like 1...bxa4 since 2. Rxa4 lets white build-up strong pressure on the new target on a6 (white will double rooks on the a-file when both rooks and bishop will take part in the assault against a6). If 1...Qb6, then 2. axb5, axb5 3. Qb3 shows b5 to be a target.
2. a5!
http://s10/middle/621c4ed8gc54ff1affd19&690
This strong move does several things: 1) takes the b6 square away from blacks pieces; 2) stops the black a-pawn from giving support to b4; 3) it fixes the a6 pawn as a target (the best targets are thise that cant move); 4) it fixes the a6 pawn on a light colored square making the white bishop a very proud piece.
The concept of fixing targets on attackable squares is very, very important.
After 2 a5! black position is very uncomfortable. Amazing isnt it. 2 moves ago black appeared to be doing well, and now with the proper evaluation and plan by White, the picture has changed drastically.