基础英语2第九单元练习答案What Is Happiness
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Unit 9 What Is Happiness
Text comprehension
I. A
II. 1. T;
III.
1. He means that one is given the right to pursue happiness, but does not know what it is.
2. Because he believes that commercial advertising not only fails to satisfy our desires, but more importantly it creates them, and it creates them faster than any man’s budget can satisfy them. Such insatiability makes people unhappy.
3. Because he thinks that the products and pursuits advertised on the front pages of women’s magazines are dreamlike and can’t be fulfilled.
4. He set two extremes according to Thoreau, the low level and the high level. The former refers to possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood, while the latter refers to active discipline of heightening one’s perception of what is enduring in nature. To find balance is to save time and effort on the low levels and spend on the high.
5. The inherent right is not happiness itself, but lies in the pursuit of happiness, in the pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, i.e. in the idea of becoming.
IV.
1. Jonathan Swift seemed to share this view when he criticized this idea of happiness as the state of being completely controlled by deception …
2. The active exercise or training to improve one’s understanding of what is of lasting value would have been Thoreau’s idea of the high levels, i.e. spiritual happiness.
Structural analysis of the text
Part 1 (par. 1, 2):The author points out that when we are not sure what happiness is, we tend to be misled by the idea that we can buy our way to it.
Part 2 (par. 3, 4, 5, 6):The author offers a number of examples to show how this misconception of happiness gives rise to the “happiness-market” in a highly commercialized society (the United States).
Part 3 (par. 7, 8, 9): The author suggests striking a balance between what Thoreau called the low levels and the high levels.
Part 4 (par. 10): The author gives his understanding of happiness, in the light of the Founding Fathers’ belief that it is “in the idea of becoming”.
Section Four Consolidation Activities
1. un-American: not typical of the attitudes, ways of life, etc., that are approved of or considered normal in the US
2. commercialism: the activities or attitudes of people who think that making a profit is more
important than anything else; emphasis on the maximizing of
profit
3. for that matter: it is also true that … (The phrase “for
that matter” is used to emphasize that sth., though mentioned
second, is also true, important, or relevant as what has been
mentioned earlier.)
4. face: aspect
5. in nature: essentially 事实上,本质上
II.
1. perpetual;
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. A deer suddenly ran across the road, with a hunting dog in hot pursuit (pursue).
2. I’m sure many businessmen use some kind of deception (deceive) at times, to achieve their objectives.
3. The project has been a success, thanks to the dedication (dedicate) of all of our staff.
4. His first commercial (commercialism) venture was opening a small corner shop.
5. The concert ended with the singers and audience singing patriotic (patriotism) songs.
6. It was so convincing that I had to remind myself that they were fictional (fiction) characters, not real people.
7. Not many people are able to indicate their disapproval (disapprove) without causing offence.
8. The homeless and starving (starvation) refugees of the war were flocking to the cities.
1. pursue v. 追捕,追求;继续从事
e.g. 我知道她的追求者很多。
I know she has many pursuers.
我们为追求幸福生活而努力工作。
We work hard in pursuit of a happy life.
2. deceive v. 欺骗
e.g. 他骗我买了一个假冒产品。
He deceived me into paying for the fake product.
他靠欺骗拿到了钱。
He gets the money by deception.
3. dedicate v. 献出;致力于
e.g. 她毕生致力于教授英语。
She dedicated her life to teaching English.
我们尊敬他是因为他以无私奉献的精神廉正地为民众服务。
We respect him because he serves the public with dedication and integrity.
4. commercial a. 商业的
e.g. 商业电视是有效的广告宣传工具。
Commercial television is an effective medium for advertising.
教育近几年更加商业化了。
Education has become much more commercialized in recent years.
5. patriotism n. 爱国主义,爱国心
e.g. 我们都被他的爱国精神深深感动了。
We are all deeply moved by his patriotism.
她热爱她的祖国。
She is a patriot to her country.
6. fiction n. 虚构,杜撰;小说
e.g. 我喜欢读科幻小说。
I like to read science fiction.
7. disapprove v. 不赞成
e.g. 母亲不同意我们俩人的婚事。
Mother disapproved of our marriage.
他对你的建议很不以为然。
He showed disapproval of your proposal.
8. starve v. 挨饿,受饿,饿死
e.g. 那个可怜的老妇人被饿死了。
The poor old lady died of starvation.
我的钱不够用。
I’m starved for money.
IV.
1. C;
V. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.
1. And at the same time the forces of American commercialism are hugely dedicated to making us deliberately unhappy.
Hugely--Synonym: enormously, tremendously;
Deliberately--Antonym: unintentionally, accidentally
2. These, the flawless teeth.
Synonym: perfect, spotless
3. This, the perfumed breath she must exhale.
Antonym: inhale
4. Happiness is never more than partial.
Antonym: impartial, unbiased
5. Thoreau — a creature of both Eastern and Western thought — had his own firm sense of that balance.
Antonym: imbalance
6. We are taught that to possess is to be happy, and then we are made to want.
Synonym: have, own
7. He sits immobile, rapt in contemplation, free from his own body.
Synonym: fixed, stationary, quiet
Write in each space one word that has the same stem as underlined in each given word.
1. contain
2. concede
3. compel
4. suspend
5. include
6. insist
7. descend
8. evolve
II Grammar Exercises
Personal pronouns refer to the person who is doing the action or to whom the action affects. In that way we distinguish two types of personal pronouns: Personal “Subject Pronouns” and Personal “Object Pronouns”.
Personal Pronouns
as subject |
I |
You |
he |
she |
it |
we |
you |
they |
We have some books. |
as object |
me |
you |
him |
her |
it |
us |
you |
them |
The books are for us. |
I. Complete the sentences below with suitable pronouns.
1. yourself;
2. __You / We__ can’t always get what __you / we__ want.
3. you / one / we
4. it
5. We all ought to be more tolerant towards __one another____ .
6. They / We
7. myself
8. yourself
9. Someone’s at the door. Who can ___it___ be at this time?
10. I; We; They; us; They; it; we
2. Impersonal it vs. there
In many English sentences, you will find the word “it” or the word “there” in the subject position. These are usually “impersonal” sentences — sentences where there is no natural subject.
Impersonal “it”
When to use it |
Examples |
Talking about weather |
It’s raining / cold / sunny. |
Identifying something |
“Who is it?” “It’s me.” |
Talking about time |
“What time is it?” “It’s five o’clock.” |
Talking about distance |
“How far is it to Toronto?” “It’s 4000 kilometers.” |
Impersonal “there”
Impersonal “there” is used to say that something exists in a particular place:
e.g. There is a book on the table.
II.
There; There; There; There; There;
Lucy: It; there; There; It; there.
Roberto: There
3. Non-finite clauses and verbless clauses
e.g. When sleeping, I never hear a thing.
He opened his lips as if to say something.
Whatever the reason, his cordiality has won him a friend.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
III. Replace the underlined parts in the following sentences with non-finite clauses or verbless clauses.
1. While flattered, …
2. I was wondering whether I should go upstairs or follow Mr. Maxim to the library.
… whether to go upstairs or to follow …
3. Whenever possible, …
4. It is an illness that can result in total blindness if it is left untreated.
5. … if ready.
6. Though no swimmer, …
7. Once you are over the pass, you will see the town below you.
Once over the pass, …
8. Whether by accident or by design, …
IV.
1. Once;
V.
1. c;
VI.
1. clearly …
2. for its own sake
Part three: translation
1. Advertising is one of our major industries, and advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create激起欲望 them — and to create them faster than any man’s budget预算资金 can satisfy them.
广告是一项主要产业,它的存在与其说是为了满足人们的欲望;不如说是为了激发他们的欲望——而且是以超出任何人的收入所能承受的速度激发这些欲望。
2. They were calling 号召upon Americans, as an act approaching实践爱国主义 patriotism, to buy at once, with money they did not have, automobiles汽车 they did not really need, and which they would be required to grow 变得厌倦tired of by the time the next year’s models were released发布、面世.
他们号召美国公众采取爱国行动,立即用他们并没有的钱去购买他们并不需要的汽车,而且要求他们在第二年的新款汽车问世之前就对它们厌倦。
3. Thoreau certainly disapproved不赞成 of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only只花最少的功夫填饱肚子以求 as much effort as would keep him functioning能为了更重要的成就而生存和工作 for more important efforts.
梭罗无疑不赞同挨饿,但他花在食物上的精力只是为了让自己得以从事更重要的活动。
4. What they might have underlined, could they have foreseen the happiness-market, is the cardinal最重要的事实 fact that happiness is存在于 in the pursuit itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging人生所参与的 and life-revealing揭示人生的,13 which is to say, in the idea of becoming.
倘若他们能预见到“幸福市场”的话,他们或许会强调这个至为重要的事实,即幸福存在于追求它的过程中,存在于追求值得用生命去追寻、揭示生命真谛的富有意义的过程中,换言之,幸福是一种过程。
1. 1935年10月,中国红军历尽苦难和牺牲,最后终于到达了陕北。(endure, make/ fight one’s way to)
Translation:
2. 在经济危机中,政府发表了一个声明,号召人们尽可能购买当地的产品。(release, call upon)
Translation:
3. 世界各国政治家们正在尽一切努力利用原子能,恢复人类安全的自然环境。(harness, restore)
Translation:
4.他没有听见门铃声,因为他正在聚精会神地工作。(rapt)
He didn’t hear the doorbell because he was rapt in his work.
5. 这个国家经常发生暴乱,一方面是因为广泛的赤贫现象,另一方面则因为人民对腐败政府固有的不信任。(inherent)
This country suffers from frequent riots because of widespread extreme poverty, as well as people’s inherent distrust of the corrupt government.
6. 这位经济学家在作关于当前经济形势的报告时,在PPT上用许多具体的数字来强调这场危机的严重性。(underline)
In his lecture on the current economic situation, the economist used a lot of figures on the PPT to underline the seriousness of the crisis.
7. 他笑着回答说,“不用谢。我做这件事不光是为了你,也是为了我自己。”(as much as)
Translation:
He answered with a smile, “Not at all. I did this as much for you as for myself.”
8. 评价一个人,并不看他说了什么,而看他为自己的国家和人民做了些什么。(measure)
A man is measured not by what he says, but by what he does for his country and people.
VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — Argumentation
Discussion: Informing the reader of possible objections to our opinion about a debatable issue and then arguing against them is a strategy we often employ to develop a paragraph. To write such a paragraph, we either state our position in the topic sentence and then immediately present a major argument against us, or directly introduce the rival argument in the very first sentence. Then we may need to identify the cause of the argument before we start our attack. Attack fiercely, but also carefully and kindly. Fiercely, because our position must be clear and our criticism must be powerful. Carefully, because we need to pay serious attention to the opposing argument, study it hard and reason logically before we can find the real problems with it. In this way, we argue effectively. We also must argue kindly by acknowledging the sensible, reasonable, or even admirable part of the opposing position. In addition, do not use the first person too often in an argumentative piece. We can use the first person occasionally and employ expressions such as I personally (strongly) believe, in my opinion, I see the issue in this light, etc. However, if we want to make our argument sound really formal and powerful, avoid using the first person, for it would weaken the force of the argument.
Exercises: Write two paragraphs based on the following topic sentences. First anticipate an objection to your viewpoint and then argue against the objection.
1. As an 18-year-old, I strongly believe in expressing my own individuality rather than trying to be “just like everybody else” (OR: believe in conforming to the customs and practices of our society rather than expressing my individuality).
Ideas for reference:
Everybody is born unique.
If we just grow to think like others and act like others, we will all become unsuspecting conformists.
A person who wants to be “different” will learn more effectively and efficiently and finally makes a big difference.
Sample:
As an 18-year-old, I strongly believe in expressing my own individuality rather than trying to be “just like everybody else.” Everybody is born unique, so am I. The idea encouraged by our parents that follow the “rules” of society and truly conform to the customs and practices of society will help us learn and grow up soundly isn’t completely true. Just as a wise man once put it, “the surest way to corrupt a youth is to instruct him to hold in higher esteem those who think alike than those who think differently.” If we just grow to think like others and hence always act like others, we will all become unsuspecting conformists. No culture would really be healthy and robust if it were made up of conformists and conformists only. What’s more, by thinking and acting differently from the majority, we will learn even more quickly and become mature even sooner. A youth who tries to be “just like everybody else” is like a student who just copies the teacher by rote. And only those who always challenge and question their teachers and textbooks have the potential to excel. A person who wants to be “different” will learn more effectively and efficiently and finally makes a big difference. Therefore, my fellow pals, be our own man or woman please. We will be proud of ourselves by our own personality one day.
2. It is quite a popular belief that the current method of selecting students for higher education should be eliminated, but I believe in the contrary.
Ideas for reference:
The real cause of the fierce competition isn’t the method of selecting students for higher education.
There is limited availability of places in the institutions of higher learning.
Chinese culture overemphasizes the importance of formal schooling for personal development.
Sample:
It is quite a popular belief that the current method of selecting students for higher education should be eliminated, but I believe in the contrary. The major argument for the elimination theory is that the college entrance examinations make the competition for college entrance too fierce to be good for the mental as well as physical growth of teenagers, but such an objection actually falls wide of the mark. The real cause of the fierce competition isn’t the method of selecting students for higher education but the limited availability of places in the institutions of higher learning and the culture which overemphasizes the importance of formal schooling for personal development. Firstly, compared with developed countries, China’s higher education is still underdeveloped. Too many students want to go to college, but there are not enough universities available, thus causing fierce competition among students. Secondly, Chinese culture values too much on the importance of formal schooling for personal development. A student who fails to get admitted to a “good” university is often regarded as a failure. From this perspective, we can say that the real problem is not with the current student enrolment method which relies heavily on the matriculation examinations and it isn’t workable to eliminate the exams. Even if we eliminated them, the competition between students would not become any less fierce. Besides, other new problems would arise.