维瓦尔第在世时就已经取得巨大成功,他活泼清新的风格赢得了全欧洲的青睐。他创作体裁广泛,包括大量宗教音乐,但在过去几个世纪中,他的名声几乎全部来自一种体裁——协奏曲。不但数量惊人——超过500首,而至少230首是为自己得心应手的小提琴而作。维瓦尔第发展出一些协奏曲我们耳熟能详的协奏曲程式,如三个乐章快- 慢 - 快的演进,用利都奈罗结构来组织独奏和合奏段落。他的大部分影响力是通过其最大的崇拜者之一巴赫得以传承。两位大师的风格的有颇多相似之处,巴赫亲手书写的很多乐谱曾长期被视为是他的原创,而最终被证明是改编自维瓦尔第作品。
在维瓦尔第数百首协奏曲中,有四首已经上升被奉为神品。其实“四季”是非一部作品,而是由四首协奏曲组合而成,也称为“和谐与创意的竞赛”,作品于1725年出版(实则维瓦尔第可能已在十年前完成)。维瓦尔第不仅为每首协奏曲冠以季节名称,他还用十四行诗对音乐加以描述,而这些诗句可能正是本人亲自撰写(抄录附后)。“春”的慢乐章与文字叙述颇为契合,而中提琴代表了熟睡牧羊人忠实的狗所发出的叫声。在“冬”的开篇,小提琴独奏自然而然让人想起“寒风呼啸”的场面。
“四季”不仅旋律丰富且耳熟能详,听者还可从中领略音乐织体里丰富的层次,精心安排的起承转合,以及弦乐器技术的精湛应用。音乐给了诠释者充分的发挥余地,用音响柔和的本真乐器抑或交响乐团的全体弦乐均无所不可。坊间数百个《四季》录音足以证明它是如何让人倾倒。从欢快的开篇到戛然而止的结束,维瓦尔第的独具匠心在这十二乐章中已经展露无遗。
Spring Concerto in E Major
Allegro
Springtime is upon us.
The birds celebrate her return with festive song,
and murmuring streams are softly caressed by the breezes.
Thunderstorms, those heralds of Spring, roar, casting their dark mantle over heaven,
Then they die away to silence, and the birds take up their charming songs once more.
Largo
On the flower-strewn meadow, with leafy branches rustling overhead, the goat-herd sleeps, his faithful dog beside him.
Allegro
Led by the festive sound of rustic bagpipes, nymphs and shepherds lightly dance beneath the brilliant canopy of spring.
春
春临大地,愉悦欢欣,
百鸟引吭,喜迎春色。
微风起兮,吹皱春水,
雷电轰然,天色晦暗。
云雾既散,百鸟复欢。
百花遍野,枝叶飒飒,
牧人乃寐,爱犬相伴。
春光素丽,乡笛悠悠,
仙女牧人,起舞蹁跹。
Summer Concerto in g-minor
Allegro non molto
Beneath the blazing sun's relentless heat
men and flocks are sweltering,
pines are scorched.
We hear the cuckoo's voice; then sweet songs of the turtle dove and finch are heard.
Soft breezes stir the air.but threatening north wind sweeps them suddenly aside. The shepherd trembles, fearful of violent storm and what may lie ahead.
Adagio e piano - Presto e forte
His limbs are now awakened from their repose by fear of lightning's flash and thunder's roar, as gnats and flies buzz furiously around.
Presto
Alas, his worst fears were justified, as the heavens roar and great hailstones beat down upon the proudly standing corn.
夏
烈日昭明,夏日灼灼,
人禽栾栾,松枯枝焦。
杜鹃啁啾,桑扈交交,
微风徐徐,北风乍起。
厄运当头,人心忧矣。
身心俱疲,无可小憩,
雷鸣电闪,畏天之怒。
厄事多难,又窘雷雨,
天之方孽,稼穑俱废。
Autumn Concerto in F Major
Allegro
The peasant celebrates with song and dance the harvest safely gathered in.
The cup of Bacchus flows freely, and many find their relief in deep slumber.
Adagio molto
The singing and the dancing die away
as cooling breezes fan the pleasant air,
inviting all to sleep
without a care.
Allegro
The hunters emerge at dawn,
ready for the chase,
with horns and dogs and cries.
Their quarry flees while they give chase.
Terrified and wounded, the prey struggles on,
but, harried, dies.
秋
谷稷稻粱,农夫之庆,
式歌且舞,乐酒而卧。
歌舞既止,余韵徐歇,
凉风习习,沁人心脾。
众人安寐,心可休矣。
破晓行狩,号犬既备。
逐群而征,困兽夺路,
心力交瘁,挣扎乃亡。
Winter Concerto in f-minor
Allegro non molto
Shivering, frozen mid the frosty snow in biting, stinging winds;
running to and fro to stamp one's icy feet, teeth chattering in the bitter chill.
Largo
To rest contentedly beside the hearth, while those outside are drenched by pouring rain.
Allegro
We tread the icy path slowly and cautiously, for fear of tripping and falling.
Then turn abruptly, slip, crash on the ground and, rising, hasten on across the ice lest it cracks up.
We feel the chill north winds coarse through the home despite the locked and bolted doors
this is winter, which nonetheless brings its own delights.
风雪载涂,催人颤栗,
倏然飞驰,来回往复。
以足蹈地,寒牙瑟瑟,
炉火方炽,大雨滂沱。
脚履薄冰,唯恐失足,
斗胆迈步,倾覆于地。
复起身兮,步履匆匆,
裂彼冰面,啸然匪风,
夫为冬日,和乐且湛。
(十四行诗中文翻译:郑超)
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