四、关系代词的用法：

I．由who, whom, whose引导的定语从句。

who用作主语，whom用作宾语，指代人

whose用作定语。指代人或物；whose + n. = the + n.+ of + whom / which或= of + whom + the +n. 译成……的

eg. This is the man who helped me.

     The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.  

Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu? → Do you know the man the name of whom is Wang Yu?

                                                                         Do you know the man of whom the name is Wang Yu?

      Mary lives in the house whose roof is red. → Mary lives in the house the roof of which is red.

                                                                        Mary lives in the house of which the roof is red.

Drills:

1     His daughter studies abroad. You talked with her last Sunday

2.    Have you seen my book?  The cover of the book is red.

3.    The student ______father works in the factory is sitting there.

4.    I like the rooms ______windows face south.

5.    This is the desk ______legs were broken.

 

II. 由which引导的定语从句。

which在从句中作主语或谓语动词和介词的宾语。指代物。当关系代词在从句中充当宾语时可省。

eg. The building which stands near the river is our school.

      This is the book (which) you want.

      The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.

* 关系代词省略的考查

eg. Do you know the accident _______ yesterday?

 A. happened   B. happening   C. having happened              D. which happened

The best way I can think of _______ (learn) a language well is to communicate.

★注意：

  ① whom, which 作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在关系代词之前，也可放在原来的位置上；但是在含有介词

的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。

      This is the person whom you are looking for.

② which引导的非限制性定语从句。

      I have lost my pen, which I like very much.

      She was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.

She is always late for class, which makes the teacher angry.

 

III. 由that引导的定语从句。

that在从句中可以指人或物，在从句中做主语、动词或介词的宾语以及表语。当关系代词在从句中充当宾语和表语时可省。

eg. A plane is a machine that can fly. (主语)

The letter that I received was from my father.（宾语）

但不能紧跟在介词后面作介词的宾语。

This is the school in that you will study. (   )

This is the school in which you will study. (   )

This is the school (which/that) you will study in. (  )

★注意:

1．在下面几种情况下，先行词是物时，必须用that引导定语从句，而不用which。

⑴ 先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything 等。

   All that we have to do is to practise every day.

   Something that we heard was of great truth.

   *但是，当先行词是all, everybody, nobody, anybody等不定代词指人时，则优先选用who连接主从句。

   Anybody who refused to bow was thrown into prison without trial.

   Everybody who was willing to see the film signed here.

⑵ 先行词被序数词、the last或最高级所修饰。

   The first thing that I learned will never be forgotten.

   This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.

⑶ 先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰。

     I have read all the books that you gave me.

⑷   先行词被the only, the very(恰好）修饰。

      This is the very pen that I am looking for.

      This is the only school that I want to go to.

⑸   先行词既有人又有物时。

      They talked of things and persons that they        remembered.

⑹   当句中已有who 或which时，为避免重复。

Who that has seen him knows  his name?

⑺   如有两个定语从句，其中一个已经用了which，则另一个用that.

Edison built a factory which produced things that had never been seen.

(8) 如关系词在从句中充当表语时，只用that

Shanghai is no longer the city that it was.

2．  定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况
(1) 当关系代词前面有介词时。

      A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.

      Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?

(2) 在非限制性定语从句中。

      His pet dog, which used to be strong, is ill and dying now.

3.    定语从句中宜用who而不宜用that的情况

(1) 先行词为one, ones, anyone或those,指人时。

      The person I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.

      Anyone who failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.

      Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once.

(2) 在非限制性定语从句中

4.    定语从句中宜用whom而不宜用who、或that的情况是关系词紧跟在介词后

  She is always the student to whom her classmates turn for help when they are in trouble.

5.    注意定语从句中含有插入语的问题

•      The teacher _______ I think is the best in our school will leave next month.

•      The student ______ you said had failed in the mid-term exam work much harder now.

•      The friend _______ he had thought would help him whenever he was in trouble betrayed(背叛him this time.

* 关于that, which的其他：

1.    当先行词为way时，定语从句的关系词可以有三种情况: that, in which 或不填。

   I don’t like the way      you talked to your mother.（choose the one that is not proper for this blank）

   A. that                                    B. which

   C. in which                                D. /

2.    先行词是time:

There was a time when … 曾经，一度……

eg. There was a time when I was fascinated by his songs.

★注意比较相似句型：

*   It is (high / about) time that 主语 + 谓语(过去式)

   该到做某事的时候了

 eg. It is high time that I _______to do the physics homework.

A.     go          B. went   C. shall go     D. have gone

*     It is 序数词 time that 主语 + 谓语 (现在完成时)

   这是某人第…次做某事

eg.  It is the first time _____ he has been    here.

A. that       B. when  C. at which     D.which

*     every time; each time; by the time从句

IV. as引导的定语从句:

⑴ as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中做主语、表语和状语，构成the same… as,

      such … as等结构。

eg. I want to have such a dictionary as he has.

   *I want to have such a dictionary that I can refer to it when reading.

       I shall do it in the same way as you did it.

       I like the same book as you do.

   *I live in the same building that he lives in.

⑵ as引导非限制性定语。在从句中做主语、表语或宾语，这个定语从句说明整个句子，可以放在主句之前、

之中和之后。

As we all know, China is a developing country.

As is known to all, he studies very hard.

常用于这种类似插入语的句式有as is said above, as is already mentioned above, as is known to all, as is

often the case, as is reported in the newspaper, as everybody can see, as we expected

★注意：which 和 as 的区别是：

①which不能放在句首，而as则可以；②在句中时，as有“正如”、“就像”之意，而which 没有。