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杰出的理论与实验物理学家——瑞利勋爵(Lord Rayleigh)

(2011-09-29 21:20:45)
标签:

教育

分类: 大师风采
  1904年诺贝尔物理学奖授予英国皇家研究所的瑞利勋爵(Lord Rayleigh, 1842~1919),以表彰他在研究一些气体的密度中发现了惰性气体氩这一重要成就。

  瑞利原名约翰·威廉·斯特拉特(John William Strutt),尊称瑞利男爵三世(Third Baron Rayleigh),1842年11月12日出生于英国埃塞克斯郡莫尔登(Malden)的朗弗德林园。他的父亲是第二世男爵约翰·詹姆斯·斯特拉特,母亲叫克拉腊·伊丽莎白·拉图哲,是理查德·维卡斯海军上校的小女儿。

  出身名望贵族的瑞利以严谨、广博、精深著称,并善于用简单的设备作实验而能获得十分精确的数据。气体密度测量本来是实验室中的一件常规工作,但是瑞利不放过常人不当回事的实验差异,终于作出了惊人的重大发现。这就是1892年瑞利从密度的测量中发现了第一个惰性气体——氩。

  自从门捷列夫周期表提出以后,科学家对寻找新的元素以填补周期表上的空缺,表现出了很大的积极性。但是,人们没有想到,竟然在周期表上遗漏了整整一族性质特殊的惰性气体。

  1882年,瑞利为了证实普劳特假说,曾经测过氢和氧的密度。经过十年长期的测定,他宣布氢和氧的原子量之比实际上不是1:16,而是1:15.882。他还测定了氮的密度,他发现从液态空气中分馏出来的氮,跟从亚硝酸铵中分离出来的氮,密度有微小的但却是不可忽略的偏差。从液态空气中分馏出来的氮,密度为1.2572 g/cm3,而用化学方法从亚硝酸铵直接得到的氮,密度却为 1.2505 g/cm3。两者数值相差千分之几,在小数点后第三位不相同。他认为,这一差异远远超出了实验误差范围,一定有尚未查清的因素在起作用。为此他先后提出过几种假说来解释造成这种不一致的原因。其中有一种是认为在大气中的氮还含有一种同素异形体,就像氧和臭氧那样,这种同素异形体混杂在大气氮之中,而从化学方法所得应该就是纯净的氮。两者密度之差说明这种未知的成分具有更大的密度。于是,瑞利仿照臭氧的化学符号O3,称之为N3。

  可是论文发表后没有引起人们的普遍注意,只有化学家拉姆赛(W.Ramsay)表示有兴趣和他合作进一步研究这一问题。拉姆赛重复了瑞利的实验,宣布证实了瑞利的结果,肯定有N3的存在。两位科学家在经过严密的研究后,于1894年确定所谓的N3并不是氮的同素异形体,而是一种特殊的,从未观察到的不活泼的单原子气体,其原子量为39.95,在大气中约含0.93%。他们取名为氩,其希腊文的原意是“不活泼”的意思。第一个惰性气体就这样被发现了。这种普遍存在的大气成分,存在于人类身边,多少科学家在分析空气时,都错过了发现的机会。瑞利之所以抓住了这个机会,应该说是他严谨的科学态度、认真的周密研究的结果,假如他把千分之几的偏差简单地归于实验误差,就会轻易地失之交臂。瑞利和拉姆赛发现氩的过程,历经了10年之久的平凡琐碎的化学实验工作,他们不惜付出巨大劳动,亲自动手,一丝不苟,才终于取得有历史意义的重大成果。

  在发现氩之后,拉姆赛在瑞利的协助下又发现了氦,氪和氖。据说,拉姆赛在研究其它惰性气体时,曾将百余升的液态空气慢慢蒸发,逐步检查,才得以对空气的组成作出明确的判定。科学界对瑞利和拉姆赛的功绩作了充分的肯定,因此瑞利和拉姆赛在1904年分别被授予诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖。

  瑞利勋爵的最初研究工作主要是光学和振动系统的数学研究,后来的研究几乎涉及物理学的各个方面,如声学、波的理论、彩色视觉、电动力学、电磁学、光的散射、液体的流动、流体动力学、气体的密度、粘滞性、毛细作用、弹性和照相术。他的坚持不懈和精密的实验导致建立了电阻标准、电流标准和电动势标准,后来的工作集中在电学和磁学问题。在1877年—1878年期间,他的《声学理论》分为两卷出版。为了解释“天空为什么呈现蓝色”这个长期令人不解的问题,他导出了分子散射公式,这个公式被称为瑞利散射定律。在实验方面,他进行了光栅分辨率和衍射的研究,第一个对光学仪器的分辨率给出明确的定义;这项工作导致后来关于光谱仪的光学性质等一系列基础性的研究,对光谱学的发展起了重要作用。

  绝对黑体辐射和频率的关系是19世纪后半叶受到物理学界普遍关注的问题。瑞利在1900年从统计物理学的角度提出一个关于热辐射的公式,即后来所谓的瑞利-金斯公式,内容是说在长波区域,辐射的能量密度应正比于绝对温度。这一结果与实验符合得很好,为量子论的出现准备了条件。瑞利密切注意量子论和相对论的出现和发展。他对声光相互作用、机械运动模式、非线性振动等项目的研究,对整个物理学的发展都具有深远影响。

   1871年,瑞利在经过反复研究,反复计算的基础上,提出了著名的瑞利散射公式,当光线入射到不均匀的介质中,如乳状液、胶体溶液等,介质就因折射率不均匀而产生散射光。瑞利研究表明,即使均匀介质,由于介质中分子质点不停的热运动,破坏了分子间固定的位置关系,从而也产生一种分子散射,这就是瑞利散射。瑞利经过计算认为 ,分子散射光的强度与入射光的频率(或波长)有关,即四次幂的瑞利定律。正午时,太阳直射地球表面,太阳光在穿过大气层时,各种波长的光都要受到空气的散射,其中波长较长的波散射较小,大部分传播到地面上。而波长较短的蓝、绿光,受到空气散射较强,天空中的蓝色正是这些散射光的颜色,因此天空会呈现蓝色。正是由于波长较短的光易被散射掉,而波长较长的红光不易被散射,它的穿透能力也比波长短的蓝、绿光强,因此用红光作指示灯,可以让司机在大雾迷漫的天气里容易看清指示灯,防止交通事故的发生

  他对声光相互作用、机械运动模式、非线性振动等项目的研究,对整个物理学的发展都具有深远影响。瑞利在晚年依然积极致力于研究工作。1905年以后发表的论文就有90篇,并且一直在修订出版《声学原理》,这部著作至今不仅为研究机械振动的声学工作者当做经典巨著,而且也是对其他物理学者很有助益的参考文献。瑞利把诺贝尔奖金捐赠给卡文迪什实验室和剑桥大学图书馆。晚年还以很大兴趣研究教育问题。

  瑞利一生发表了许多学术论文,他文笔清雅畅达,所写文章大多有严格的数学证明,定量十分准确。后来,他把自己的论文整理为一部五卷本的论文集。论文集的开头,他写下了这样的言词:

    伟大精深啊,上帝造物之奇妙!

    研究探索吧,求得世界的奥秘,乐在其中矣!

 

   瑞利逝世后,他的实验室曾供科学界参观,凡是来访问的科学家,对瑞利所用仪器的简单莫不惊异。瑞利实验室中的一切重要设备虽外形粗糙,但都制造得十分精密。瑞利就是用这些仪器做了极为出色的定量分析。后人经常记起这位伟大科学家的名言:

         一切科学上的最伟大的发现,几乎都来自精确的量度。


人们把瑞利作为经典物理学领域中最后一个伟大的多面手,是很适当的。1919年6月30日,瑞利逝世于英国埃塞克斯郡的威瑟姆。

 

瑞利的部分经典论文:

[引用] The theory of sound

BJWS Rayleigh - 1896 - Macmillan
被引用次数:3180 - 相关文章 - 图书馆搜索 - 所有 7 个版本

[引用] The theory of sound, vol. 2

L Rayleigh - Mc. Millan & Co London and New York, 1896
被引用次数:1227 - 相关文章
L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the London Mathematical …, 1878 - plms.oxfordjournals.org
On the Instability of Jets. By LORD EAYIIEIGH, FRS [Read November Uth, 1878.] • Many, it may
even be said, most of the still unexplained phenomena of Acoustics are connected with the instability  of jets of fluid. For this instability there are two causes; the. first is operative in the case of ...
被引用次数:1039 - 相关文章 - 所有 3 个版本

[引用] On the pressure developed in a liquid during the collapse of a spherical cavity

L Rayleigh - Phil. Mag, 1917
被引用次数:1013 - 相关文章

[引用] On the influence of obstacles arranged in rectangular order upon the properties of a medium

L Rayleigh - Phil. Mag, 1892
被引用次数:924 - 相关文章

[引用] On convection currents in a horizontal layer of fluid, when the higher temperature is on the under side

L Rayleigh - Phil. Mag, 1916
被引用次数:879 - 相关文章
L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the London Mathematical …, 1885 - plms.oxfordjournals.org
" Johns Hopkins University Circulars," Vol. iv., No. 42. "Extensions of Certain Theorems of Clifford  and of Cay ley in the Geometry of n Dimensions," by EH Moore, jun.: (from the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, Vol. vn., 1885). " Bulletin des Sciences Mathematiques et ...
被引用次数:654 - 相关文章 - 所有 2 个版本

[引用] On the equilibrium of liquid conducting masses charged with electricity

L Rayleigh - Phil. Mag, 1882
被引用次数:641 - 相关文章
royalsocietypublishing.org 中的 [PDF]L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Royal Society of …, 1879 - rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org
1879.] On the Capillary Phenomena of Jets. 71 VI. " On the Capillary Phenomena of Jets." By
Lord Rayleigh, FR's. Received May 5, 1879. When water issues under high pressure from a circular
orifice in a thin plate, a jet is formed whose section, though diminished in area, retains the ...
被引用次数:526 - 相关文章 - 所有 4 个版本
L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the London Mathematical …, 1879 - plms.oxfordjournals.org
In a former communication to the Society on the " Instability of Jets,"* I applied a method due
to SirW. Thomson, to calculate the manner of falling away from equilibrium of jets bounded by
one or more surfaces of discontinuity. Such interest as these investigations possessed ...
被引用次数:460 - 相关文章 - 所有 2 个版本
  
L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, …, 1917 - JSTOR
So much of meteorology depends ultimately upon the dynamics of revolving fluid that it is desirable to formulate as clearly as possible such simple conclusions as are within our reach, in the hope  that they may assist our judgment when an exact analysis seems impracticable. An ...
被引用次数:400 - 相关文章 - 所有 4 个版本
L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, …, 1907 - JSTOR
In the usual theory of gratings, upon the lines laid down by Fresnel, the various parts of the primary  wave-front after undergoing influences, whether affecting the phase or the amplitude, are conceived to pursue their course as if they still formed the fronts of waves of large area. This ...
被引用次数:408 - 相关文章 - 所有 3 个版本

 

[引用] On our perception of sound direction

L Rayleigh - Philos. Mag, 1907
被引用次数:287 - 相关文章

[引用] On the instability of a cylinder of viscous liquid under capillary force

L Rayleigh - Phil. Mag, 1892
被引用次数:264 - 相关文章
L Rayleigh - Proc. Lond. Math. Soc, 1883 - 
... Investigation of the character of the equilibrium of an incompressible heavy fluid of variable density.
通过DOI定位原文. DOI:, 10.1112/plms/s1-14.1.170. 作者 :, Rayleigh L. 期刊 :, Proceedings of
the London Mathematical Society. 年,卷(期) :, 1983, 14.   ...
被引用次数:262 - 相关文章

[引用] On the stability of jets

L Rayleigh - Proc. London Math. Soc, 1878
被引用次数:220 - 相关文章
L Rayleigh - Phil. Mag, 1876 - citeulike.org
... Register and you can start organising your references online. Tags. On waves. by: Lord Rayleigh  . ...
被引用次数:199 - 相关文章 - 网页快照 - 图书馆搜索

[引用] On the light from the sky, its polarization and colour

BJWS Rayleigh - 1870
被引用次数:205 - 相关文章

[引用] On the manufacture and theory of diffraction gratings

L Rayleigh - Philos. Mag, 1874
被引用次数:198 - 相关文章
  

[引用] Theoretical considerations respecting the separation of gases by diffusion and similar processes

JWS Rayleigh - Philos. Mag, 1896
被引用次数:176 - 相关文章

[引用] The explanation of certain acoustical phenomena

L Rayleigh - Nature, 1878
被引用次数:174 - 相关文章

[引用] On the scattering of light by small particles

L Rayleigh - Philosophical Magazine, 1871
被引用次数:175 - 相关文章

[引用] On the transmission of light through an atmosphere containing small particles in suspension, and on the origin of the blue of the sky

L Rayleigh - Philos. Mag, 1899
被引用次数:162 - 相关文章
L Rayleigh - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical …, 1880 - adsabs.harvard.edu
Title: Investigations in optics, with special reference to the spectroscope. Authors: Rayleigh, Lord. Publication: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 40, p.254. Publication Date: 02/1880. Origin: ADS. Bibliographic Code: 1880MNRAS..40..254R. Abstract. ...
被引用次数:161 - 相关文章 - 图书馆搜索

[引用] On the resultant of a large number of vibrations of the same pitch and of arbitrary phase

L Rayleigh - Phil. Mag, 1880
被引用次数:156 - 相关文章

[引用] The problem of the whispering gallery

L Rayleigh - Philos. Mag, 1910
被引用次数:146 - 相关文章

[引用] On the behavior of iron and steel under the operation of feeble magnetic forces

L Rayleigh - Philosophical Magazine, 1887
被引用次数:131 - 相关文章
L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, …, 1910 - JSTOR
Waves of Finite Amplitude without Dissipation. In the investigations which follow, we are concerned with the motion of an elastic fluid in one dimension, say, parallel to x. It is implied not only that there are no component velocities perpendicular to x, but that the motion is the same in ...
被引用次数:124 - 相关文章 - 所有 3 个版本

[引用] On the incidence of aerial and electric waves upon small obstacles in the form of ellipsoids or elliptic cylinders and on the passage of electric waves through a …

L Rayleigh - Phil. Mag, 1897
被引用次数:121 - 相关文章

[引用] On the passage of electric waves through tubes, or the vibrations of dielectric cylinders

L Rayleigh - Phil. Mag, 1897
被引用次数:91 - 相关文章
  
royalsocietypublishing.org 中的 [PDF]L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Royal Society of …, 1878 - rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org
... Page 4. 408 Lord Rayleigh. The Influence of [Mar. 13, differences of electrification due
either to irregularities in the drops or to differences of situation, and is at first difficult of
acceptance in view of the efficiency of such very feeble electric forces. ...
被引用次数:40 - 相关文章 - 所有 3 个版本
L Rayleigh… - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of …, 1895 - JSTOR
... VI. Argon, a New Constituent of the Atmosphere. By Lord RAYLEIGH, See. RS, and Professor
WILLIAM RAMSAY, FRS Received and Read January 31, 1895. ... hydrogen. * RAYLEIGH, "On
an Anomaly encountered in Determinations of the Density of Nitrogen Gas," 'Proc. Roy. ...
被引用次数:37 - 相关文章 - 图书馆搜索 - 所有 5 个版本
royalsocietypublishing.org 中的 [PDF]L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Royal Society of …, 1890 - rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org
The Bridge Method and Periodic Electric Currents. 203 Observations and Reports
{continued). Lucknow :—North-Western Provinces and Oudh Provincial Museum. Minutes of
the Managing Committee. 8vo. Alla- habad 1889. The Museum. Madras :—Government ...
被引用次数:4 - 相关文章 - 所有 3 个版本
L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1882 - JSTOR
130 Lord Rayleigh. [June 15, widely different plhysical conditiolns. As the temperature of the
flame of cyanogen probably approaches the temperature of the carbon poles of the electric are,
and as we have shown that carbon undoubtedly exists in the form of vapour in the arc ...
被引用次数:39 - 相关文章 - 所有 3 个版本

[引用] Scientific Papers: 1887-1892

BJWS Rayleigh - 1902 - University Press
被引用次数:67 - 相关文章 - 图书馆搜索 - 所有 2 个版本

[引用] On the conditions of instability of electrified drops, with applications to the electric discharge from liquid points

JW Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1879
被引用次数:2 - 相关文章
royalsocietypublishing.org 中的 [PDF]L Rayleigh, M Sidgwick - … of the Royal …, 1884 - rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org
... the Absolute Electromotive Force of Clark Cells." By Lord Rayleigh, DCL, FRS, and Mrs. H.
Sidgwick. Received June 18, 1884. (Abstract.) The paper contains a record of a long series of
experiments, extending over nearly two years. The measurement of the electric currents is ... 
 
   
L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, 1888 - iopscience.iop.org
... On Huygens's Gearing in illustration of the Induction By Lord RAYLEIGH, SQC. RS, PTO- AS
a mechanical model of the electric machinery at work in the induction of currents Maxwell
employed differential gearing; and an apparatus on t8his principle, designed by him, is in use ...
 
royalsocietypublishing.org 中的 [PDF]L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Royal Society of …, 1891 - rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org
... III. " On the Relative Densities of Hydrogen and Oxygen, II." By Lord Rayleigh, Sec. ... acid, and was
liberated upon a platinum plate, the generator being in fact a Smee cell, enclosed in a vessel
capable of sustaining a vacuum, and set in action by closing the electric circuit at an ... 
 
royalsocietypublishing.org 中的 [PDF]L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Royal Society of …, 1882 - rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org
... a Heated Wire in Dusty Air." By Lord Rayleigh, FRS, Professor of Experimental Physics in the
University of Cambridge. Received December 8, 1882. In the course of his examination of
atmospheric dust as rendered evident by a convergent beam from the electric arc, Professor ...
被引用次数:10 - 相关文章 - 所有 3 个版本
royalsocietypublishing.org 中的 [PDF]L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Royal Society of …, 1886 - rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org
... 275 IV. " On the Intensity of Liglit reflected from certain Surfaces at nearly Perpendicular
Incidence." By Lord Rayleigh, MA, DCL, Sec. ... The difficulty might perhaps be got over by the
use of incandescent electric lamps, but such were not at my command. ...
被引用次数:13 - 相关文章 - 所有 3 个版本
LR Sec - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1888 - Taylor & Francis
... No. 160. Sept. 1888, R Page 2. 242 Lord Rayleigh on the Reflexlon of Light Equations of a
Dielectric Medium, of which the Magnetic _Permeability is Unity throughout. In Maxwell's notation
~he various components are repre- sented as follows :-- Electric Displacement . . . . . ...
LR FRS - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1898 - Taylor & Francis
... it. A straightforward calculation of the pressure exercised by plane electric waves
incident perpendicularly upon a metallic reflector is given by ProL JJ Thomson ž. ...
241. Page 2. Lord Rayleigh ca the Pre~'sm'e of RadiaKom 523 ...
LR FRS - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1897 - Taylor & Francis
... 346 Lord Rayleigh on the Measurement of Alternate Currents up the coil MM (see woodcut) Was
reduced to a sing.le turn of about 17 ... The shunt-circuit included also two electric lamps, joined
in series, and its terminals were con- nected with two points of the main circuit outside ...
LR FRS - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1897 - Taylor & Francis
Pro2)agation of Electrle Waves along Conductors. 199 41. Similar considerations hold for maximmn
critical tem- perature and minimum vapour-pressure. A minimum vapour- pressure at low temperature
means~ according to the equation, a maximum for a/b ; and a maximum of a/b is the same ...
LR Sec - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1890 - Taylor & Francis
A S a mechanical model of the electric machinery at work _. in the induction of currents Maxwell
employed differ- ential gearing ; and an apparatus on this principle, designed by him, is in use
at the Cavendish Laboratory. Wishing to show something similar in a recent course of ...
LR DCLFRS - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1883 - Taylor & Francis
... of the paths of Mercury, the asteroids, and the satellites the demonstration of the existence or
nonexistence of an electric potential of the ... 182 Lord Rayleigh on Porous Bodies conduction of
heat ; but the influence of these is enormously augmented by the contact of solid matter ... 
  
geocities.ws 中的 [PDF]FRS Lord Rayleigh - Proceedings and List of Papers Read, 1899 - geocities.ws
... Communicated by Lord Rayleigh, FRS VI) “On the presence of oxygen in the atmospheres of
certain fixed stars,” by David Gill, CB, FRS ... The contact surface of cobalt was found to be highly
sensitive to electric radiation, and the surface is not liable to such chemical changes as ...
LR FRS - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1881 - Taylor & Francis
... 82 Lord Rayleigh on the observation*, require us to suppose that in a doubly-refractlng crystal
the rigidity of the medimn varies with the ... If the dielectric medium be endowed with sensible conduc-
tivity, the electric vibrations will be damped; that is to say, the light will undergo ...
LR OMFRS - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1905 - Taylor & Francis
Page 1. 494 Lord Rayleigh on the Pressure of problem in itself has no physical meaning. ... The
question to what extent it may he allowable to draw, from the electroidic phenomena of
l~lydrodynamics, positive conclusions as to real electric phenomena may be open to discussion. ...
L Rayleigh - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1889 - Taylor & Francis
298 Lord Rayleigh on the Limit to Interference was adjusted in the position where the strongest
effect was ob- served, and withdrawn from the prism along a radius of the circle, the sparks could
be ... We have represented the phenomena investigated by us as rays of electric force. ...
LR Sec - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1886 - Taylor & Francis
... Page 2. 176 Lord Rayleigh on the called by Ewing ]~ysteresis. ... We are led naturally to this form
if we suppose that, as in the more im- portant practical applications, the varying magnetizing force
is due to an electric current~ upon which the magnetized iron reacts inductively1". ...
royalsocietypublishing.org 中的 [PDF]JE Petavel, L Rayleigh - … of the Royal …, 1899 - rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org
... For many years it had been noticed that the area of the crater of an electric arc when
burning between carbon poles increased about in proportion to the current ; also that
the light emitted increased in the same ratio as the area of the crater. ...
被引用次数:2 - 相关文章 - 所有 3 个版本
LR MAFRS - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1877 - Taylor & Francis
... Lord Rayleigh's Acoustical Observations. 459 The principal obstacle throwing the shadow was
the corner of a large house ; and among the sources of sound tried were the human voice,
tuning-forks~ whistles steadily blown, and a small electric bell, of which the last (which was ...
royalsocietypublishing.org 中的 [PDF]L Rayleigh, A Schuster - … of the Royal …, 1881 - rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org
... Page 7. 110 Lord Rayleigh and Dr. A. Schuster. [May 5, and mirror when the coil was
spinning with circuit open. ... An electric tuning fork of frequency about 63^- was maintained
in regular vibration in the usual way by means of a Grove cell. ... 
 
L Rayleigh… - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society …, 1883 - JSTOR
... Ine this way all disturbance from the earth's magnetism, and from thermo-electric forces whether situated at the sliding contacts, or within the resistance coils of which R is composed, or at any other part of the galvanometer circuit, is eliminated ... 300 LORD RAYLEIGH AND MRS. ... 
 
L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, 1885 - iopscience.iop.org
... mety, B y Lord RAYLEIGH, FR,S ... view in the construc- tion of the instrunlent now exhibited was to see whether it could be made of service in the comparison of compound lights of solnewhat
different colours-a problem just now attracting attention in connection with electric lighting ...
 
LR FRS - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1880 - Taylor & Francis
... Mag. May 1841. Page 6. Lord Rayleigh's Acoustical Observations. 283 ... I have tried a considerable variety of sources of sound, including electric sparks, a small electric bell, and a Galton's whistle ; but the best results were obtained with a bird-call and with a squeaky toy-reed. ...
periodictable.ru 中的 [PDF]L Rayleigh… - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1894 - JSTOR
... Soc. Proc.,' vol. 53, p. 134, 1893. 267 Page 4. Lord Rayleigh and Prof. Ramsay. ... In order
to test this suggestion both kinds of gas were submitted to the action of the silent electric
discharge, with the result that both retained their weights unaltered. ...
所有 3 个版本
LR FRS - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1901 - Taylor & Francis
... t Young's Lectures on NaturM Philosophy, p. 578 (1807). Page 2. Lord Rayleigh : Acoustical
~Votes. 28l ... The electric contact is bet~'een solids (of platinum), one attached to the prong, the
other forming the point of" an adjustable screw carried by the framework. ...
royalsocietypublishing.org 中的 [PDF]L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Royal Society of …, 1888 - rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org
... A. Weldon, Walter Prank Raphael, MA Whitehead, Charles, FLS Yeo, Professor Gerald F., MD
I. "On the Composition of Water." By Lord Rayleigh, Sec ... of a third Sprengel are conducted into
a eudio- meter, also sealed below with mercury, where they are fired by electric sparks in ...
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royalsocietypublishing.org 中的 [PDF]L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Royal Society of …, 1894 - rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org
... The following Papers were read :— I. " On an Anomaly encountered in Determinations of the
Density of Nitrogen Gas." By Lord Rayleigh, Sec. ... I have made some experiments to try whether
the densities were influenced by exposing the gas to the silent electric discharge. ...
被引用次数:1 - 相关文章 - 所有 4 个版本
LR FRS - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1897 - Taylor & Francis
... 270 Lord Rayleigh on tlw .Passage of Waves corresponding to X~=2 cos nt cos kx . ... a narrow
aperture in an infinite screen, and for a narrow reflecting blade respectively, cor- responding
to the incident wave R=e -~¢. A narrow aper- tm'e parallel to the electric vibrations transmits ...
royalsocietypublishing.org 中的 [PDF]L Rayleigh - Proceedings of the Royal Society of …, 1897 - rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org
... " On the Densities of Carbonic Oxide, Carbonic Anhydride, and Nitrous Oxide." By Lord Rayleigh FRS Received ... known conditions, with the nitrous oxide, which would then be submitted to the action of a spiral of copper or iron wire rendered incandescent by an electric current. ...
 
narod.ru 中的 [PDF]L Rayleigh - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of …, 1885 - JSTOR
... Sci. Trip. Ex., 1883. 2 y 2 Page 2. 344 LORD RAYLEIGH ON THE CONSTANT OF MAGNETIC ...
whose results differ, however, by about 9 per cent. The former obtained his magnetic force by
means of an electric current circulating a great many times round the column of CSS2. ...
LR Sec - The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical …, 1886 - Taylor & Francis
... 480 Lord Rayleigh on the Self-induction and A better experiment may be made with a coil of
doubled wire. ... When the two wires were connected in series, in such a manner that the direction
of electric circulation was the same in both, the self-induction was represented by 24°'2 ...

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