句子成分和句子结构讲解及练习

1.主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。

The sun rises in the east.（名词）        He likes dancing. （代词）

Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)        Seeing is believing.     （动名词）      

To see is to believe. （不定式）    What he needs is a book. （主语从句）

It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. 

（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）

2.谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。

We study English.                        He is asleep.    

3.表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。

  He is a teacher. （名词）            Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代词）

Five and five is ten. （数词）         He is asleep.  （形容词） 

His father is in.     （副词）         The picture is on the wall.  ( 介词短语)

My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）

To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. （不定式）

The question is whether they will come.              （表语从句）

（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）,  feel（感觉） ...

  It sounds a good idea.                     The sound sounds strange.

Her voice sounds sweet.                  Tom looks thin.

The food smells delicious.                 The food tastes good.

The door remains open.                     Now I feel tired.

4.宾语：

1）动作的承受者-----动宾

I like China. （名词）                    He hates you. （代词）

How many do you need? We need two. （数词）

We should help the old and the poor.         I enjoy working with you.  （动名词）

I hope to see you again.  （不定式）    Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）

2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾

Are you afraid of the snake?          Under the snow, there are many rocks.

3） 双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）

He gave me a book yesterday.            Give the poor man some money.

5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。

We elected him monitor. （名词）   We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名）

We will make them happy. （形容词）    We found nobody in.  ( 副词 )

  Please make yourself at home. 介词短语）    Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式）

His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）

Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词） I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词） 

He was elected monitor.                She was found singing in the next room.

He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.

6.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。

Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）

We belong to the third world. （数词）He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）

The man over there is my old friend.(副词)

  The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)

The boys playing football are in Class 2.    （现在分词）

The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）   

I have an idea to do it well.    （不定式）

You should do everything that I do.   （定语从句）

7.状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。   （以下例句按上述顺序排列）

I will go there tomorrow.             The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.

The meat went bad because of the hot weather.     He studies hard to learn English well.

He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.    I like some of you very much.        

If you study hard, you will pass the exam.        He goes to school by bike.                 

Though he is young, he can do it well. 

句子结构

简单句的五个基本句型

主语 ＋不及物动词               She came．/ My head aches.  

主语 ＋ 及物动词＋宾语                  She likes English.

主语 ＋ 系动词   ＋主语补语               She is happy．

主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋间接宾语＋直接宾语    

She gave John a book．She bought a book for me.

主语 ＋ 宾补动词  ＋  宾语  ＋  宾语补语  

She makes her mother angry．

The teacher asked me to read the passage.

（There +be   There lies a book on the desk.  ）

Exercises           

分析下列句子成分   

1. Our school is not far from my home.     2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you

3. All of us considered him honest.        4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.

5. He broke a piece of glass.             6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．

7. ---I love you more than her，child ．   8. Tees turn green when spring comes.

9. They pushed the door open.           10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.

11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.  12.All the students think highly of his teaching

13. We need a place twice larger than this one.    14. He asked us to sing an English song.

15. Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like．16.We will make our school more beautiful.

17. He didn't come．That is why he didn't know．    18. She showed us her many of her pictures.   

19. The old man lives a lonely life.   

20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.

21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany．

22. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him．

23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.

24. Go back where you came from.        25. We must do whatever the people want us to do.

26. At last he got home, tired and hungry.        27. Would you please pass me the cup?

28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher.      29. Do you know the latest news about him?

30. I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.

翻译练习：

一、主谓结构（ 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 ）

1你应当努力学习。                 

2她昨天回家很晚。

3那天早上我们谈了很多。            

4会议将持续两个小时。

5在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 

6这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。

7 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。     

8每天八时开始上课。                    

9这个盒子重五公斤。

10五年前我住在北京。

二、主谓宾结构（主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语  ）

1昨晚我写了一封信。                    

2今天下午我想同你谈谈。       

3这本书他读过多次了。                   

4他们成功地完成了计划。

5你们必须在两周内看完这些书。           

6那位先生能流利地说三种语言。

7我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。

8 Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。       

9我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。   

10他不知道说什麽好。

三、主系表结构（主语 ＋系动词＋表语 ）

1我的兄弟都是大学生。                  

2冬季白天短，夜晚长。    

3布朗夫人看起来很健康。                

4十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。   

5孩子们，请保持安静。                  

6这本书是有关美国历史的书。

7她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。            

8他失业了。   

9树叶已经变黄了。                        

10这个报告听起来很有意思。

四、双宾语结构（主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 ）

1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。            

2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。

3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。               

4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？

5. 他把车票给列车员看。                   

6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。

7. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。       

8. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船。

 

9. 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？           

10. 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？

五、复合宾语结构（主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 ）

1我们叫她Alice.                            

2他的父母给他取名为John.

3我们大家都认为他是诚实的。            

4他们把门推开了。

5他们把小偷释放了。                    

6我们要使学校变得更美丽。

7他请我们参加做游戏。                    

8我要你把真相告诉我。

9卫兵命令我们立即离开。                 

10明天我要找人来修理机器。

11每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。    

12痛苦使得他叫喊起来。

13我们不会让她在晚上外出的。            

14他每个月理一次发。

15我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。        

16那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了

17她正在听人家讲故事。                    

18男孩子们都在看士兵们操练。

19我从来没看见这个字这样用过。            

20他感到很难跟你交谈。

21我想乘船去那里更舒服些。                

22我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。

23学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。

24我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。

六、There be 句型

1今晚没有会。                            

2这个村子过去只有一口井。

3这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。

4客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。

5天气预报说下午有大风。                

6灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。

7战前这儿一直有家电影院的。             

8恰好那时房里没人。

9从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。

10公共汽车来了。

11就只剩下二十八美元了。                

12在这个山洞前面长着一棵高大的松树。

13铃响了。                               

14二月份有二十八天。

分析下列句子成分

 

1. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋表语                  2. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋表语       

3. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋宾语补足语       4. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语               

5. 主语 ＋及物动词＋宾语       6. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 形式宾语 it＋ 宾语补足语+宾语

7. 主语 ＋及物动词＋宾语                    8. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋表语           

9. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋宾语补足语    10. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语               

11. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语        12 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语

13. 主语 ＋及物动词＋宾语                14. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋宾语补足语           

15. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋表语               16. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋宾语补足语                   

17. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋表语                18. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语

19. 主语 ＋不及物动词                        20. 主语 ＋不及物动词           

21. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋表语                    22. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋表语               

23. 主语 ＋及物动词＋宾语                    24. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词

25. 主语 ＋及物动词＋宾语                  26. 主语 ＋不及物动词               

27. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语   28. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语                    

29. 主语 ＋及物动词＋宾语              30. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语

翻译练习：

一、主谓结构（ 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 ）

1You should study hard.   2 She went home very late yesterday evening.

3That morning we talked a great deal.    4The meeting will last two hours.

5Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.

6Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day.

7The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.    8Classes begin at eight every day.

9This box weighs five kilos.     10 I lived in Beijing five years ago.

二、主谓宾结构（主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语  ）

1.I wrote a letter last night.     2.I want to talk with you this afternoon.

3.He has read this book many times.   4.They have carried out the plan successfully.

5.You must finish reading these books in two weeks.

6.That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently.

7.I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia.    8.Jim cannot dress himself.

9.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.     10.He did not know what to say.

三、主系表结构（主语 ＋ 系动词   ＋主语补语 ）

1My brothers are all college students.  2In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.

3 Mrs Brown looks very healthy.  4At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.

5 Children, keep quiet please.  6 This book is about the history of the United States.

7Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.  8He is out of work.

9The leaves have turned yellow.  10The report sounds interesting.

四、双宾语结构（主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语 ）

1Mr Johnson taught us German last year.   2Grandma told me an interesting story last night.

3Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster.    4Would you please pass me the dictionary?

5He showed the ticket to the conductor.   6This term I have written three letters to my parents.

7My father has bought me a new bike.     8Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat.

9Will you please get me a new copy?    10 Shall I call you a taxi?

五、复合宾语结构（主语 ＋ 宾补动词  ＋  宾语  ＋  宾语补语 ）

1We call her Alice.                      2His parents named him John.

3All of us considered him honest.                 4They pushed the door open.

5They have set the thief free.                 6We will make our school more beautiful.

7He asked us to join in the game.                8I want you to tell me the truth.

9The guards ordered us to leave at once.    10Tomorrow I’ll have someone repair the machine.

11Every morning we hear him read English aloud.     12The pain made him cry out.

13We won’t let her go out at night.             14He has his hair cut once a month.

15I’ll get my recorder mended.       16The terrible sound made the children frightened.

17She is listening to someone telling stories.    18he boys were watching the soldiers drilling.

19I have never seen the word used that way before.  20He felt it very difficult to talk with you.

21 I think it more comfortable to go there by ship.    

22 I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way.

23 The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.

24 I thought it no use talking with that man

六、There be 句型

1There isn’t going to be a meeting tonight.      2There was only a well in the village.

3There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school.

4Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.

5The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon. 6

6The light is on. There must be someone ion the office.

7There used to be a cinema here before the war.     8There happened to be nobody in the room.

9Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.      10There comes the bus.

11There remained just twenty-eight dollars.

12In front of the cave, there stands(grows) a tall pine tree.       13There goes the bell.

14There are twenty-eight days in February