剩余价值∈提增价值，由雇主和雇员共同创造

Surplus Value ∈ Added Value，Created by Employer & Employees

陆培恩

LU PeiEn

摘要：本文指出，创办企业和经营管理是脑力劳动，企业家是脑力劳动者，“剩余价值”是企业家和雇员共同创造的。并提出与“剩余价值”相关的新概念“提增价值”，它由企业家和雇员共同创造，并把“剩余价值”包含在内。剩余价值∈提增价值。企业家和雇员唇齿相依，合作共赢，分享“提增价值”。

Abstract: This paper points out that the establishment of enterprises and management are mental labor, entrepreneurs are mental workers, and "surplus value" is created by both entrepreneurs and employees. A new concept of "added value" related to "surplus value" is put forward, which is created jointly by entrepreneurs and employees and includes "surplus value". Surplus value ∈ added value. Entrepreneurs and employees depend on each other to achieve win-win cooperation and share "added value" together.

关键词：剩余价值；提增价值；脑力劳动

keyword:surplus value；added value；mental labor

一、剩余价值是企业家和雇员共同创造的

1、Surplus value is created by both entrepreneurs and employees

 

“剩余价值”概念是马克思主义政治经济学的核心概念。“剩余价值”是指雇佣工人在生产过程中所创造的、被资本家占有的、超过劳动力价值的那部分价值。

The concept of "surplus value" is the core concept of Marxist political economy. "Surplus value" refers to the part of value created by the employed workers in the production process, occupied by the capitalists and exceeding the value of the labor force.

现今多用“企业家”代替旧称“资本家”。本文亦然。

Nowadays, “entrepreneurs” are often used instead of “capitalists”. The same is true of this article.

摒弃旧观念的约束，我们应当给予企业家实事求是的定位和评价。

To get rid of the constraints of the old ideas, we should give entrepreneurs realistic positioning and evaluation.

首先必须承认，创办企业和经营管理都是脑力劳动。不言而喻，企业家当然是脑力劳动者。创办企业和经营管理需要丰富的知识，复杂的技巧，因而是复杂的高级劳动。正是企业家的脑力劳动，和雇员的劳动，一起创造了企业的产品和利润。这个观点必须旗帜鲜明、毫不含糊地提出。

First of all, it must be admitted that the establishment of enterprises and management are all mental work. It goes without saying that entrepreneurs are, of course, mental workers. The establishment and management of an enterprise need rich knowledge and complicated skills, so it is a complicated senior labor. It is the intellectual labor of entrepreneurs and the labor of employees that together create the products and profits of enterprises. This point of view must be put forward clearly and unambiguously.

创业和管理需要知识，需要经验，需要魄力，甚至需要艺术，需要大胆的冒险精神，而企业家艰巨的、创造性的、艺术性的劳动，对企业的创立和发展起着关键性的、决定性的作用。与普通员工相比，企业家应当为企业乃至社会作出更大的贡献。优秀的企业家无疑是社会的精英。

Entrepreneurship and management need knowledge, experience, courage, even art, and bold spirit of adventure. The arduous, creative and artistic labor of entrepreneurs plays a key and decisive role in the establishment and development of enterprises. Compared with ordinary employees, entrepreneurs should make greater contributions to the enterprise and even the society. Excellent entrepreneurs are undoubtedly the elites of the society.

“剩余价值”是由企业家（雇主）和雇员共同创造的。雇主和雇员双方都不可能独自创造“剩余价值”。雇主和雇员唇齿相依、互利共赢。讨论企业家和雇员“谁养活谁”是挑拨离间。

"Surplus value" is created by both entrepreneurs (employers) and employees. Neither employer nor employee can create "surplus value" alone. Employers and employees are interdependent and mutually beneficial. To discuss "who feeds who" between entrepreneurs and employees is to cast a bone between them.

优秀明智的企业家已经高举起与雇员“共同富裕”的大旗。所谓“共同富裕”，可以赋予丰富的内涵。对此，本文不展开讨论。

Excellent and wise entrepreneurs have raised the banner of "common prosperity" with employees. The so-called "common prosperity" can be endowed with rich connotations. This paper will not discuss this.

二、“提增价值”，由企业家和雇员共同创造

2、"Added Value" is created by both entrepreneurs and employees

 

本文提出与“剩余价值”相关的新概念“提增价值”：雇员在被雇佣后，因为条件改善，创造的价值增加，与被雇佣前相比较，多创造出来的那部分价值。

This paper puts forward a new concept "added value" related to "surplus value": the value employees create increases, compared with the value they created before they are employed, and because of the improvement of conditions after they are employed.

所谓雇工受雇后条件改善，包括硬条件如雇主提供的厂房、机器设备等；软条件如雇主的经营管理，营销等；还包括雇主对雇工的培训，等等。雇主提供的这些条件是雇工创造“提增价值”所必须的。雇工不可能脱离雇主提供的这些条件独自创造“提增价值”。所以说，“提增价值”是雇主和雇工共同创造的。

The so-called conditions improvement of employees after employment includes hard conditions such as factory buildings, machinery and equipment provided by employers; soft conditions such as operation and management, marketing, etc. of employers; and employers' training for employees, etc. These conditions provided by employers are necessary for employees to create "added value". It is impossible for employees to create "added value" without these conditions provided by employers. Therefore, "added value" is jointly created by employers and employees.

以往的阶级斗争理论，都强调资本家获得了“剩余价值”，因而是“剥削者”、“吸血鬼”。却忽略或抹杀了工人被雇佣后，处于雇主提供的比以前有所改善的环境，从而创造出更多的价值——“提增价值”。因而无法解释工人被雇佣后为什么既能向雇主提供“剩余价值”，自己的收入还比被雇佣前有所提高。也无法解释工人为什么愿意受雇佣，被“剥削”。

Previous theories of class struggle all emphasized that capitalists had gained "surplus value", so they were "exploiters" and "vampires". However, it ignores or obliterates the fact that after the workers are employed, they are in an improved environment provided by the employers, thus creating more value - "added value". Therefore, it is impossible to explain why workers can provide "surplus value" to employers and their income is higher than before. It can not explain why workers are willing to be employed and "exploited".

实事求是讲，一个自给自足的农民如果能在工厂找到工作，往往都是一件十分高兴的事情。是什么吸引农民进厂当雇工？是他们愿意被“剥削”？愿意奉献“剩余价值”？当然不是！

To be practical, if a self-sufficient farmer can find a job in a factory, it is always a very happy thing. What attracts farmers to work in factories? Are they willing to be "exploited"? Willing to contribute "surplus value"? Of course not!

我们举例说明：假定在一定的时间里，自给自足的农民原来能创造价值3元，被雇佣、当工人后创造的价值增加，假定为9元，比原先提高9-3=6元。这6元就是“提增价值”。假如雇工收入为5元，收入比原先增加5-3=2元（收入增加是必须的，否则不愿应聘）。而9-5=4元归资本家所得，这4元就是大名鼎鼎的“剩余价值”！其实，雇工多得2元，雇主得4元，一共6元，都是从6元“提增价值”中分得的。双方合作，各得其所。

For example: It is assumed that in a certain period of time, the self-sufficient farmers can create 3 yuan of value, and the value created by being employed and working as workers will increase by 9 yuan, which is 9-3 = 6 yuan higher than the original. The 6 yuan is "added value ". If the employee's income is 5 yuan, the income will increase by 5-3 = 2 yuan (the increase of income is necessary, otherwise he will not apply). And 9-5 = 4 yuan belongs to the capitalists, which is the famous "surplus value"! In fact, employees get 2 yuan more, employers get 4 yuan, a total of 6 yuan, all from the 6 yuan "added value". The two sides cooperate in a proper way.

那么原本自给自足、收入较低的农民，进厂当工人后为什么能在原有的基础上增加收入，还能向雇主提供 “剩余价值”？关键是因为他受雇后，所处条件改善，创造的价值比原先的提高了，增加了。这增加的部分就是所谓的“提增价值”。它显然是由雇工和雇主共同创造的。

So why can the peasants who were self-sufficient and low-income increase their income and provide "surplus value" to their employers after they enter the factory as workers? The key is that after he was employed, his conditions improved and the value created increased. The increased part is the so-called " added value". Obviously, it was created by both employees and employer.

三、剩余价值∈提增价值

3、Surplus value ∈ added value

 

马克思在《资本论》中指出：“剩余价值是可变资本的价值增殖，所以剩余价值是可变资本变化的结果。”

Karl Marx pointed out in Das Capital:"Surplus value is the value increase of variable capital, so surplus value is the result of changes in variable capital."

仿照马克思在《资本论》中将可变资本价值（即购买劳动力而支付出的货币额）记作v，用m表示“剩余价值”，本文用v表示雇主给雇员的工资，并用m表示“剩余价值”。为简化讨论，本文假定雇员在受雇前是自给自足的，其创造的价值等于其收入，用a表示。本文用z表示雇工受雇后增加的收入，所以a+z=v。本文用t表示“提增价值”。则：雇工创造的价值为（a+t），雇工的收入为v=a+z，“剩余价值”m等于雇工创造的价值减去雇工的收入v，即m=（a+t）-v=（a+t）-（a+z）= t-z。

According to Karl Marx's Das Capital, the variable capital value (i.e. the amount of money paid for the purchase of labor force) is recorded as v, and m is used to express "surplus value". In this paper, v is used to express the wages paid by employers to employees, and m is used to express "surplus value". To simplify the discussion, this paper assumes that employees are self-sufficient before employment, and the value they create is equal to their income, which is expressed by a. In this paper, z is used to express the increased income of employees, so a+z = v. In this paper, t is used to express "added value". Then: the value created by the employee is (a+t), the income of the employee is v= a+z, and the "surplus value" m is equal to the value created by the employee minus the income of the employee, that is, m = (a + t) - v = (a + t) - (a + z) = t-z.

所以，m = t-z。也就是说，剩余价值=提增价值-雇工增加的收入。

So, m = t-z. In other words, surplus value = added value - the increased income of employees.

或者说，t = m+z。也就是说，提增价值=剩余价值+雇工增加的收入。

Or  t = m+z. That is to say, added value = surplus value + increased income of employees.

所以说，提增价值包含两部分，一是剩余价值，一是雇工增加的收入。剩余价值∈提增价值。

Therefore, the added value includes two parts, one is the surplus value, and the other is the increased income of employees. Surplus value ∈added value.

剩余价值 m>0，否则，没有“剩余价值”，企业家无利可图。同样，z>0，否则，雇员收入不增加，没人愿意应聘。所以 m+z> m。因为m+z=t，所以t > m。一般来讲，“提增价值”总是大于“剩余价值”。

Surplus value m>0, otherwise, there is no "surplus value" and entrepreneurs are not profitable. Similarly, z > 0, otherwise, the employee's income will not increase, and no one is willing to apply. So m + z > m. Because m + z = t, t > m. Generally speaking, "added value" is always greater than "surplus value".

正是工人受雇后提高了创造价值的能力，创造了“提增价值”t，才使企业家能获得“剩余价值”m ，同时雇工自身也增加收入z。

It is after they are employed, that the workers improve their ability to create value, and create "added value" t that enable entrepreneurs to obtain "surplus value" m and employees themselves to increase their income z.

本文第一节已述，“剩余价值”是企业家和雇员共同创造的。

As stated in the first section of this paper, "surplus value" is created by both entrepreneurs and employees.

本文第二节已述，“提增价值”是企业家和雇员共同创造的。

As mentioned in the second section of this paper, "added value" is jointly created by entrepreneurs and employees.

其实，“剩余价值”是“提增价值”的一部分。后者包括前者。后者是企业家和雇员共同创造的，前者当然也是企业家和雇员共同创造的。企业家和雇员是唇齿相依、互利共赢。与其争论企业家和雇员“谁养活谁”这种挑拨离间的问题，不如适当调整双方分配“提增价值”的比例，使之合理，使双方满意，各得其所。

In fact, "surplus value" is a part of "added value". The latter includes the former. The latter is created by entrepreneurs and employees, while the former is also created by entrepreneurs and employees. Entrepreneurs and employees are interdependent and win-win. Instead of arguing about the issue of "who feeds who" between entrepreneurs and employees, it is better to appropriately adjust the proportion of "added value" between the two sides, so as to make it reasonable and satisfactory.

当然，雇工受雇后获得的好处，除工资收入增加外，还有工作环境、劳动强度、福利条件等等的改善。本文不展开讨论。

Of course, in addition to the increase in wages and incomes, employees will benefit from the improvement of working environment, labor intensity and welfare conditions. This article does not discuss.

在《资本论》中，从“剩余价值”引申出“剩余价值率”、“剩余价值量”、“相对剩余价值”、“绝对剩余价值”等概念，都不难移植到“提增价值”这个概念。但本文主要是为了推出新概念“提增价值”，强调雇主和雇工互利共赢的关系，故不讨论那些延伸概念。

In Das Kapital, the concepts of "rate of surplus value", "amount of surplus value", "relative surplus value" and "absolute surplus value" are extended from "surplus value", which are easily transplanted to the concept of "added value". But this paper is mainly to introduce a new concept of "added value", emphasizing the mutual benefit and win-win relationship between employers and employees, so it does not discuss those extended concepts.

四、关于创业后获得股份

4、On obtaining shares after starting a business

 

有人质疑，企业家创业后获得股份，不断分红，是否合理合法？

Some people question whether it is reasonable and legal for entrepreneurs to obtain shares and continuously get dividends after starting a business?

既然企业家创办企业和经营管理都是脑力劳动，就不难回答这个问题。

Since it is mental work for entrepreneurs to set up enterprises and manage, it is not difficult to answer this question.

就好比一位作家花心血写了一本书，畅销，版费源源不断。他如果从此躺倒不干活，就靠版费生活，也无可非议。他享受自己的脑力劳动的成果，合理合法，理直气壮。《中华人民共和国著作权法》规定，公民的作品的保护期为作者终生及其死亡后五十年。所以，连作家的子孙后代享受作家脑力劳动的成果也是合理合法。

It's like a writer's hard work on a book, which sells well and costs a lot of money. If he doesn't work from now on, he will live on printing fees. He enjoyed the fruits of his mental work, reasonable, legal and upright. According to the copyright law of the People's Republic of China, the term of protection of a citizen's work is the author's life and 50 years after his death. Therefore, it is reasonable and legal for the descendants of writers to enjoy the fruits of their mental work.

而企业家用脑力劳动创办了企业，然后享受劳动果实——股份和红利，合理合法，天经地义。

And enterprises use mental labor to set up enterprises, and then enjoy the fruits of labor - shares and dividends, which is reasonable, legal and natural.

更何况，企业家创办的企业让雇员能够创造“提增价值”，从而使雇员能分享“提增价值”而增加自身收入，所以企业家也分享一部分“提增价值”，相应获得“剩余价值”，公平合理。

What's more, enterprises founded by entrepreneurs enable employees to create "added value", so that employees can share part of "added value" to increase their own income, and entrepreneurs can also share part of "added value" to obtain "surplus value" accordingly, which is fair and reasonable.

注：在本文中，资本家、企业家、雇主是同义词；雇员、雇工、工人、雇佣工人是同义词。

Note: in this paper, capitalists, entrepreneurs and employers are synonyms; employees, workers and employed workers are synonyms.

 

登记版权时的“作品说明书”明确以下内容：

The "work description" at the time of copyright registration specifies the following contents:

1、创作人：陆培恩；创作日期：2020年12月之前数十年。

1. Author: PeiEn Lu; creation date: decades before December 2020.

2、理论与实际、文字叙述与数学推导相结合。

2. The combination of theory and practice, text narration and mathematical deduction.

3、本文指出，“剩余价值”是企业家和雇员共同创造的。并提出与“剩余价值”相关的新概念“提增价值”。它由企业家和雇员共同创造，并把“剩余价值”包含在内。剩余价值∈提增价值。企业家和雇员唇齿相依，合作共赢，分享“提增价值”。

3. This paper points out that "surplus value" is created by both entrepreneurs and employees. And put forward a new concept "added value" related to "surplus value". It is created by both entrepreneurs and employees, and includes "surplus value". Surplus value∈addedl value. Entrepreneurs and employees rely on each other, cooperate for win-win results, and share "added value" together.

4、历经约60年观察与思考，方形成此观点，完成此作品。

4. After about 60 years of observation and thinking, I have come to this point of view and completed this paper.

5、是政治经济学的大胆突破。希望为中国特色社会主义“制度自信”提供理论依据，也希望抛砖引玉，推动学术讨论。

5. It is a bold breakthrough in political economy. I hope to provide theoretical basis for the "system confidence" of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and also hope to promote academic discussion.

本文入选《上海市商务委离退休干部庆祝建党100周年书画摄影征文作品集》（第136-141页）。

加作者按：

为庆祝建党百年，特奉献一篇学术论文。

中国特色社会主义，不搞阶级斗争，尊重企业家，鼓励创业，追求社会和谐、合作共赢，构建命运共同体。本文为中国的制度自信提供理论依据。