英语句子成分和简单句五种基本句型

句子成分由词或词组充当

英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 补语（complement）。

英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。

掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。

 

基本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）

主语：可以作主语的成分有名词，主格代词，动词不定式，动名词等等。主语一般在句首。

谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，

Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物动词）

1. The sun│rose.             

2. Who │cares?                

3. What he said │does not matter.

4. They │talked for half an hour.

5. The pen │writes smoothly

此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词 都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词, 后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。

基本句型 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）

此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。

系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等，表情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表变化。

be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。

感官动词多可用作连系动词：look well/面色好, sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻

Ｓ │Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ（表语）

1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.

2. The dinner │smells │good.            

3. He │fell │in love.                   

4. Everything │looks │different.           

5. He │is growing │tall and strong.

6. Our well │has gone │dry.              

7. His face │turned │red.                

There be 结构： There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。 

此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’ 

试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）

前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。

基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）

此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。

Ｓ │Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ（宾语）

1. Who │knows │the answer?

2. He │has refused │to help them.

3. He │enjoys │reading.

4. He │said │"Good morning."

5. He │admits │that he was mistaken

基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）

有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，eg：give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。

--Give me a cup of tea please.

--Show this house to Mr. Smith.

--Bring it to me, please

Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│Ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物）

1.She │ordered │herself │a new dress.

2. He │brought │you │a dictionary.

3. I │showed │him │my pictures.

4. I │told │him │that the bus was late.

5. He │showed │me │how to run the machine.

基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。

宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。

The war made him a soldier.

New methods make the job easy.

I often find him at work.

The teacher ask the students to close the windows.

I saw a cat running across the road.

Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补）

1. They │painted │the door │green.

2. This │set │them │thinking.

3. They │found │the house │deserted.

4. He │asked │me │to come back soon.

5. I │saw │them │getting on the bus.

但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（adj./adv./num.数词）短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语

The little boy needs a blue pen.

定语

定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，译为‘‘……的’’

定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。

复合不定代词（something/nothing）之后；

不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后；

副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。

Two boys need two pens.

His name is Tom.

The boy in blue is Tom.

The boy there needs a pen.

The boy needs a ball pen.

There is nothing to do today.

The pen bought by her is made in China.

The boy you will know is Tom.

状语

状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等

--The boy needs a pen now.

--The boy needs a pen very much.

可用作状语的有副词,不定式，分词，介词短语，

从句等。

1.介词短语作状语：

In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.

在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。 （地点状语）

Before his mother, Tom is always a boy.

在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)

On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.

星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语) 

2.分词（短语）作状语：

He sits there, asking for a pen.

他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）

Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.

因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）

Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.

（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）

2.不定式作状语

The boy needs a pen to do his homework.

男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）

To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.

为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.

3.状语从句：

时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、

结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、

让步状语从句、条件状语从句  方式状语从句

--We chatted as we walked along.

--Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.

同位语

同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。

We students should study hard.

(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）

We all are students.

(all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）

独立成分

与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分

感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。

肯定词:yes

否定词:no

称呼语：称呼人的用语。

插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。

如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信,这个故事还远没结束.

 

练习

1.划出下列句中的宾语

① My brother hasn't done his homework.

② People all over the world speak English.

③How many new words did you learn last class?

④ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?

⑤The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.

2.划出下列句中的表语

① The old man was feeling very tired.

② The leaves have turned yellow.

③ Soon They all became interested in the subject.

3.划出下列句中的定语

①What is your given name?

②I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.

③The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

④I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!

4.划出下列句中的宾语补足语

① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.

② He asked her to take the boy out of school.

③ She found it difficult to do the work.

④ They call me Lily sometimes.

⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.

5.划出下列句中的状语

① There was a big smile on her face.

② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.

③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.

④ The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.

⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.

⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.

⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.

⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.