[宾语从句歌诀]

　　宾语从句三姊妹，that，if/whether，wh-/how展风采。

　　展风采有三关，引导词、语序、时态在把关。

　　主从时态要一致，陈述语序永不变。

　　陈述请你选that，疑问需用if/whether连。

　　特殊问句作宾从，原来问词不用换。

　　三关过后莫得意，人称、标点需注意。

　　留意变脸的if/when，从句的简化记心间。

　　[歌诀解码]

　　一、三姊妹

　　宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型：

　　1. 由that引导的宾语从句。如：

　　We knew （that）we should learn from each other.

　　2. 由if/whether引导的宾语从句。如：

　　Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.

　　3. 由who，where，how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。如：

　　Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office？

　　二、三关

　　1. 引导词关

　　如果从句是陈述句，引导词用that（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）；如果从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether；如果从句是特殊疑问句，引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。

　　2. 语序关

　　①陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。如：

　　He is an honest boy. The teacher said. →The teacher said（that）he was an honest boy.

　　②一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。如：

　　Does he work hard？I wonder.→I wonder if/whether he works hard.

　　When did he leave？I don’t know. →I don’t know when he left.

　　3. 时态关

　　①如果主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如：

　　I have heard（that）he will come back next week.

　　②如果主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如：

　　He said（that）there were no classes yesterday.

　　注意：如果宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时，不管主句是什么时态，从句都要用一般现在时。如：

　　He said that light travels much faster than sound.

　　三、人称的变化和标点的使用

　　1. 从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。如：

　　“May I use your knife？”He asked me. →He asked me if he might use my knife.

　　“Do you know her telephone number？”He asked me. →He asked me if I know her telephone number.

　　2. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如：

　　Who will give us a talk？I don’t know. →I don’t know who will give us a talk.

　　Do you know？Where does he live？→Do you know where he lives？

　　四、两副面孔

　　if和when既能引导时间状语从句，又能引导宾语从句。因此，遇到它们就要认真分析一下，它们究竟属于“两副面孔”的哪一副。如：

　　If it rains tomorrow，I won’t come.（时间状语从句）

　　I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. （宾语从句）

　　五、从句的简化

　　1. 当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语＋宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如：

　　She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground. →She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.

　　2. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如：

　　She agreed that she could help me with my maths. →She agreed to help me with my maths.

　　3. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词＋不定式”结构。如：

　　Can you tell me how I can get to the station？→Can you tell me how to get to the station？　在各类考试中，同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同（或相近）的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法：

　　方法一：当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：

　　Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.

　　We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.

　　方法二：当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：

　　She has forgotten how she can open the window. →She has forgotten how to open the window.

　　注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：

　　Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ →Could you tell me how to get to the station？

　　方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：

　　The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.

　　方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：

　　He insisted that he should go with us. →He insisted on going with us.

　　The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born. →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.

　　方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：

　　Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.

　　方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：

　　It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.

　　除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：

　　I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.

　　Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.

　　They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy