高中英语语法------定语从句

 

高考英语语法复习——定语从句

一、基本概念：

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如：

Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?      That is the house where he lived ten years ago.

注意：（1）定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；

（2）定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，并代替先行词，同时又作从句中的一个成分。

（3）★引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose，as  ★关系副词有：when, where, why.

二、关系词的用法：

（一）关系代词的用法：

关系代词引导的定语从句, 关系代词引导定语从句时，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等句子成分。

指代对象 在从句中所做的成分	人	物	人+物	可否省略
主语	who/that	which/that	that	不可
宾语	who/whom/that	which/that	that	可
表语	that	that	that	不可
定语	whose/of whom	whose/of which	whose	不可

使用关系代词应注意下列几点：

1．在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：

(1) 当先行词是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等

(2) 当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。

(3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。

(4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容 词最高级同时修饰时

 (5) 当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。

 (6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。    (7) 当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时。

(8)There be 句型中先行词指物时。             (9)作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物。

2. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系代词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。 但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that：

(1) 当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词.

 (2) 当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。

He who laughs last laughs best.               Those who help themselves helped by the God.

 (3) There be 句型中先行词指人时。

3.关系代词which专用情况:

(1) 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，或是两个定语从句一个用that另一个只可用which来引导。

(2)当先行词指物时且关系代词前有介词时，构成介词+which来引导定语从句

4．作定语用whose =the+ n+ of which/whom

5、 as在定语从句中的用法: as可以引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

（1）as引导非限制性定语从句，有“正如，就像”之意。它在从句中可充当主语、宾语或表语。 例

as is well known / as we all know 众所周知；       as is said above 正如上面所说；

as might be imagined 正像所想象的那样；as is reported 如报道所说；

as has been pointed 如所指出的那样； as is expected 正如所料。

（2）as引导限制性定语从句多与such、so或the same连用，它可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。

 Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.

 注意：★the same…that与the same…as在意思上是不同的。例如：

    This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.   这个书包和我昨天丢的相似。（相似物）

    This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.  这正是我昨天丢的那个书包。（同一物）

（二）关系副词的用法：

1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, week, year 等。

2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, room,等，

3. why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。

使用关系副词应注意下列几点：

1.这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：

when = on (in, at, during…) + which;     where = in (at, on…) + which;     why = for which.

2当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间或地点状语时，才能用when或where比较  

3． when和where可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。

三．关系词的选择方法

(1)一看先行词的意义   分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因，从而确定使用关系代词或关系副词。

(2)二看关系词的句法功能

即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语是作定语还是状语等，

如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why。

注意，不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用 when, where, why 来引导定语从句，要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。

(3) 三看定语从句的种类

即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，如that和why通常不引导非限制性定从。

四．定语从句注意问题：

1.关系代词做定语从句的主语时，从句谓语动词的形式与先行词一致。

He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man

2.the only one of +复数 n + 定语从句（用单数谓语动词）   one of +复数n+定语从句（用复数谓语动词）

3.such…… as引导定语从句 与such…… that 引导结果状语从句

This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.

This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it .

4.当situation, condition, stage, point，scenes 做先行词时，用where 引导定从.

5.the way 做先行词时，关系词的选择应根据the way 在定语从句中所做的成分来决定

I don’t like the way_in which/that/ 不填______he is treated

The way_ in which/that/ 不填__you thought of to solve the problem is very useful

一．用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空：

All_____ can be done has been done.                     We heard clearly every word _____he said.

The first thing _______ should be done is to get the tickets.

That’s the most expensive hotel______we’ve ever stayed in.

This novel is the second best one____ I have ever read.              This is the very book______ I want to find.

She described in her compositions the people and places _____ impressed her .

Which is the car _________killed the boy?        There is a book ______I want to buy very much!

He is no longer the man _______he used to be.             This is no longer the dirty place _______it used to be

Is there anyone________ can answer this question?        There is a man _____ wants to see you very much!

He is the man ______car was stolen last week.    It was a meeting _______ importance I did not realize at that time.

________is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.

A wise man seldom talks about such things ____he doesn’t understand.

He spoke in such easy English _________everybody could understand.

At this time of the day, all buses have to carry as many passengers _________they can.

It is so easy a book________ every schoolboy can read.  Let’s discuss such things ________we can talk of freely.

_________had been expected， the England team won the football match.

The earth runs around the sun， _______is known to everyone.   Do you know the date _______Lincoln was born?

This is the hotel_________ they are staying.           That is the reason _________he is leaving so soon.

I’ll never forget the day _______ my hometown was liberated.

I’ll never forget the days ________we spent together last summer.

His father works in a factory ______ radio parts are made. His father works in a factory _____ makes radio parts.

The reason_________ he can’t come is that he is ill.      The reason ________he told me is not true.

二．高考真题选择：

1．These articles are written in simple language, _____ makes it easy to read.A. that  B. this   C. which    D. it

2．This is the same girl _____ came to borrow an English book two days ago.A. that  B. who C. which  D. whom

3 China is not the same country ______ it was 20 years ago.  A. that      B. as     C. which   D. when

4. The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.

A. why; that          B.that;why      C. for that;that           D.for which;what

5.Those______breaks the law must be punished.   A. /      B. that     C. whom  D. who

6.I’ll show you a store ______you may buy all ______you need.

A. in which, that            B. where, which           C. which, that           D. that, that

7.His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.

A.of whom            　B.whom           C.of whose         　D.whose　

8.After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.

A.which　　　         B.where　　        C.that　               D.when　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

9.On the wall hung a picture, _____ color is blue.    A.whose　　 B.of which　　 C.which　　 D.its

10.I don’t like _____ you speak to her.  A.the way　B.the way in that　 C.the way which　 D.the way of which

三．单句改错

1.       Let me have a look at the dictionary that you bought it yesterday.

2.       This is the house where I lived in two years ago.            3.There was little which I could do for you.

4.Nobody wants the house which roof has fallen in.    5. Guilin is a city where has a history of 2000 years.

6.She is the only one among us that know French.         7. I hope to get such a dictionary that he is using.

8.Which we know, more than seventy percent of the earth is covered with water.

9.The reason why he was late for school was because he had been knocked down by a bike.      

10.I don’t like the way which you speak to your mother.

四.定语从句对比精练

1. 1) He still lives in the room ______ window faces to the east.

2) He still lives in the room , the window ______ faces to the east.

3) He still lives in the room ______ is in the north of the city.

4) He still lives in the room ______ there is a beautiful table.

       A. which   B. whose    C. where   D. of which

2. 1) I will never forget the days ______ we studied together.

2) I will never forget the days ______ we spent together.

A. that   B. on when    C. when    D. on which

3. 1) I want to buy the same watch ______ you are wearing. 2) This is the same watch _____ I lost in the hotel.            A. as       B. that      C. which      D. who

4. ① This is the only way _____ you can find.  ② I don’t like the way _____ he spoke to his mother.      

          A. that       B. 不填    C. in which    D. A, B and C   E. A and B

5. 1) Beijing is the most beautiful city, ____ has a population of over 10,000,000.

2) Beijing is the most beautiful city ____ I have ever visited.

3) Beijing is the most beautiful city, ____ I spent my last summer holiday.

A. which    B. that     C. where      D. as

6. 1) This is one of the most interesting films ____ shown last week.

2) This is the only (very) one of the most interesting films ____ shown last week.

A. which was  B. that was   C. which were   D. that were

7.  1) _____ we all know, China, is rich in natural resources.

2) _____ is well- known that China is rich in natural resources.

3) _____ is well- known, China is rich in natural resources.    

A. Which   B. As     C. It      D. That

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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