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　　四级考试阅读题共有５种常见题型，分别是：

　　1、词汇题 2、主旨大意题 3、细节题 　4、逻辑推理题 5、作者态度判断题

　　1、词汇题

　　阅读理解材料中凡超出大纲词表的单词都用中文注明词义，但如果连大纲所规定的词汇也没掌握好，考试中就势必困难重重．词汇考题就是要求考生根据上下文猜测四级考试大纲词汇表以外某些词汇和短语的意义，实际上也可说是考察学生的悟性．

　　例1

　　For many products, when you must pay less than the going rate, you believe you are getting a great deal. This is not necessarily the case for used cars or other durable goods because with expensive products-or, what is essentially the same thing, products with high replacement costs-you must be particularly careful about getting a “lemon”, or a product of substandard quality.

　　Q: “Lemon” in this paragraph refers to _________.

　　A. a kind of fruit     B. a kind of new car

　　C. a kind of expensive and high-quality car D. a product of inferior quality

　　2、主旨大意题

　　选择项形式为名词或名词性词组。

要求考生指出文章的 Topic（论题）, 或Subject （主题） ,或Title（标题）等。

　　选择项形式为陈述句。要求考生选择表达作者思想，观点的主题句。如果没有主题句，就必须自己总结。所以阅读不能停留在词组，短语，句子甚至段落的水平上，必须把握内在的逻辑关系，沿着作者的思路，才能掌握文章的主题思想，了解作者的观点和态度。

　　类型典型问题形式：What is the main idea/point of this passage?

　　典型问题形式有：What is the main topic of this passage?

　　典型问题形式有：What is the main purpose of this passage?

　　3、细节题 

　　细节题为阅读考题的重头戏，所占比例高达80%，相对而言较简单，因为这类题虽然要求理解准确，但基本上限于字面意义的理解，范围也限于局部，因此是我们可望得高分的部分。细节题绝大部分体现“中心思想是解”这一原理。兹将细节性考题分类简述如下：

　　例：2 A third island appeared gradually during a period of volcanic activity that lasted over four years. Later, the 1866 eruptions, which brought to Santorin those volcanologists who first began archeological work there, enlarged the new island through two new crater vents.

　　Q: What enlarged the third island?

　　 A. The eruptions of 1866    B. A four-year period of volcanic activity

　　 C. The activities of the men who came to study volcanoes

　　D. Archeological work, which created two new crater vents

　　例：3 Just before his tenth birthday John received a horse from his father; this was the first of a series of expensive gifts intended to create the impression of a loving parent.

　　Q: Why did John receive the horse?

　　 A. Because he was ten B. Because his father loved him

　　 C. Because his father wanted to seem loving

　　D. Because his father wouldn’t be able to give him expensive gifts in the future

　　例：4 But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and ,K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids(类胡萝卜素), compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.

　　Q: What is a possible negative effect of olestra according to some critics?

　　A) It may impair the digestive system.  B) It may affect the overall fat intake.

　　C) It may increase the risk of cancer.    D) It many spoil the consumers' appetite

　　例：5 One in three school-leavers enters higher education, five times the number when the last review took place thirty years age.

　　Q: What was the percentage of high school graduates admitted to universities in Britain thirty years ago?

　　A) 20% or so. B) Above 30%. C) About 15%. D) Below 10%

　　4. 逻辑推理题 

　　本题型可能是最难的试题，因为要求读者在准确理解字面意义的基础上，能理解文章的言外之意。考生要根据文章中所给信息进行分析，综合，然后做出合乎逻辑的推断。这类题直接按原文原句命题的不太多，一般都会稍为变化一下角度或措辞，问某句，某段，甚至整篇文章的含意，言外之意是什么。问题中常有infer, imply, suggest, conclude和assume等动词。如果是问整篇文章，应放在最后做。如果就某一段，某一句提问，应找到原句读几遍，把答案逐个试一下，最合逻辑的就是正确答案。要注意根据文章中的关键词，短语，结构等进行推断，防止不依据文章内容的主观臆断，这是许多考生存在的一个通病。

　　例： The author implies that signs left by _____ are easier to follow.

　　此外，有些题目并没有出现infer 之类明确要求推断的词汇，但实际上也必须根据文章进行推理或判断才能找到答案。

　　5 作者态度判断题 北京导航名师李勇全祝你考试高分

　　positive 赞成的 negative 反对的 objective客观的 subjective主观的

　　optimistic乐观的 pessimistic悲观的 humorous幽默的 ironic讽刺的

　　critical/criticize批评 indifferent漠不关心的

 

positive赞成的 negative反对的
  objective客观的 subjective主观的
  optimistic乐观的 pessimistic悲观的
  humorous幽默的  ironic讽刺的
  supportive支持的  critical批评的
  approval同意的，赞成的 indifferent漠不关心的
  impartial公正的 puzzled疑惑的
  confused迷惑的 amazed惊叹的
gloomy悲观的   consent同意的赞同的
biased 有偏见的  enthuiastic充满激情的
sensitive 敏感的 suspicious,doubtful,questionable怀疑的
disappointed失望的 discontent不满足的
indignant愤怒的 apprehensive不安的，理解的
dissatisfied不满意的 cautious谨慎的
unclear,uncertain不清楚的，不确定的 opposed反对的
illogical不合逻辑的  contempt轻视的，藐视的
scared提心吊胆的，害怕的  panic惊恐的
arbitrary专横的，专断的

　　ANSWER: 例1-例5DACCD

　　模拟练习   要求：50分钟—55分钟作完，四篇文章20个题正确14个以上。注意找好关键词，找到原句。

　　Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)

　　Passage One     　Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:

　　American women experience a great variety of lifestyles. A "typical" American woman may be single. She may also be divorced or married. She may be a homemaker, a doctor, or a factory worker. It is very difficult to generalize about American women. However, one thing that many American women have in common is their attitude about themselves and their role in American life.

　　Historically, American women have always been very independent. The first colonists to come to New England were of ten young couples who had left behind their extended family (i.e., their parents, sisters, cousins, etc.). The women were alone in a new, undeveloped country with their husbands. This had two important effects. First of all, this as yet uncivilized environment demanded that every person share in developing it and in survival. Women worked along side their husbands and children to establish themselves in this new land. Second, because they were in a new land without the established influence of older members of society, women felt free to step into nontraditional roles.

　　This role of women was reinforced in later years as Americans moved west, again leaving family behind and encountering a hostile environment. Even later, in the East, as now immigrants arrived, the women often found jobs more easily than men. Women became the supporters of the family.

　　Within the established lifestyle of industrialized twentieth century America, the strong role of women was not as dramatic as in the early days of the country. Some women were active outside the home; others were not. However, when American men went to war in the 1940s, women stepped into the men's jobs as factory and business workers. After the war, some women stayed in these positions, and others left their jobs with a new sense of their own capabilities.

　　21. A typical American woman is

　　A) single or married           B) divorced

　　C) sure about herself and her role D) all of the above

　　22. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the second paragraph?

　　A) Two contrasting views of a problem are presented.

　　B) An evaluation is explained and then reasons are given.

　　C) A problem is examined and possible answers are given.

　　D) Historical view is explained in comparison with the present.

　　23. During the industrialized twentieth century, the role of women

　　A) was strengthened B) was as important as early

　　 C) was decline D) was more reinforced than early days

　　24. Women took part in men's jobs during the time of

　　A) the Second World War B) the West movement

　　C) the early immigration D) the industrialized twentieth century

25. What is the main idea of this passage?

A) Different life styles led by the American women.

　　B) American women were free to step into nontraditional roles.

　　C) American women worked hard to establish their roles in American history.

D) American women were independent because they did not have to follow the regulations at all.

　　Passage Two

　　Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:

　　There is no question that the poor are sicker. Unfortunately, there are no nationwide mortality statistics by income. One of the best studies has been a recent comparison of poverty and non-poverty areas in Chicago. (This does not permit really fine analysis, because of the limitations of area comparisons.) Crude mortality in poverty areas are only three percent higher than in non-poverty areas; but the people in poverty areas are younger, and if it had been possible to compute age-specific rates, the differences would be much greater. Differentials in infant mortality were very large---75 per cent higher in poverty than in non-poverty areas. In both cases, the differences between white and non-white were even more substantial than between poverty and non-poverty areas.

　　The clearest and best evidence of poorer health among the poor is to be found in studies of days of disability per person per year, where differences of the order of two-to-one are found. Those in families with income of under $ 2,000 a year have 29 restricted activity days a year, while those with family income over $ 4,000 a year have less than half that, 13 restricted activity days a day.

　　But while the poor are sicker, the differences in the utilization of health care are not as marked as one might expect. The same study which reported twice as many disability days for those under $ 2,000 a year as for those over $ 4,000 a year showed lesser differences with respect to the use of doctors. Fifty-nine per cent of the poorer group have consulted a doctor in the previous year, 13 per cent a specialist, compared with 73 per cent and 28 per cent of the better-off income groups. These differences in health care utilization by poor and non-poor, which were once extreme, are now declining. Indeed, in some settings they are now reserved. In 1982-31, families with an income of more than $ 5,000 spent 11 times as much on medical care as families with incomes under $1,200. In 1962, families with incomes of more than $ 7,000 spent only 27 per cent more on medical care than families with incomes under $ 2,000.

26. Compared with that in non-poverty areas, crude mortality of young people in poverty areas is .

　　 A) slightly lower B) more or less the same   C) slightly higher D) much higher

　　27. The most striking contrast in mortality can be found between .

　　 A) different areas B) different races   C) different families D) different income groups

　　28. "Restricted activity days" are clays when

　　 A) sick people have to stay in hospital for further treatment

　　 B) one takes a long holiday away from work

　　 C) sick people have to keep from their normal activities

　　 D) one is restricted in his freedom of action

　　29. The difference that is diminishing between the poor and the non-poor is that in

　　 A) the utilization of health care   B) the opportunities of employment

　　 C) their living condition        D) their state of health

　　30. From the passage (as the beginning paragraphs of a long article), it is very likely that the writer will go on to discuss

　　A) how to eliminate poverty in the U.S.A.

　　B) how to gather nationwide mortality statistics by income

　　C) how to help those poor people who are sick

　　D) how to train more qualified doctors for the rich people.

　　Passage Three

　　Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

　　More surprising, perhaps, than the current difficulties of traditional marriage is the fact that marriage itself is alive and thriving. As Skolnick notes, Americans are a marrying people: relative to Europeans, more of us marry and we marry at a younger age. Moreover, after a decline in the early 1970s, the rate of marriage in the United States is now increasing. Even the divorce rate needs to be taken in this pro-marriage context: some 80 percent of divorced individuals remarry. Thus, marriage remains, by far, the preferred way of life for the vast majority of people in our society.

　　What has changed more than marriage is the nuclear family? Twenty five years ago, the typical American family consisted of a husband, a wife, and two or three children. Now, there are many marriages in which couples have decided not to have any children. And there are many marriages where at least some of the children are from the wife’s previous marriage, or the husband’s or both. Sometimes these children Spend all of their time with one parent from the former marriage; sometimes they are shared between the two former spouses. (配偶)

　　Thus, one can find every type of family arrangement. There are marriages without children; marriages with children from only the present marriages; marriages with “full-time” children from the present marriage and “part-time” children from former marriages. There are stepfathers, stepmothers, half-brothers, and half-sisters. It is not all that unusual for a child to have four parents and eight grandparents! These are enormous changes from the traditional nuclear family. But even so, even in the midst of all this, there remains one constants: most Americans spend most of their adult lives married.

　　31. By calling Americans marrying people the author means that____.

　　A. Americans are more traditional than Europeans.

　　B. American expect more out of marriage than Europeans

　　C. There are more married couples in U. S. A. THAN IN Europe.

　　D. More of Americans, as compared with Europeans, prefer marriage and they accept it at a younger age.

　　32. Divorced Americans_____.

　　A. will most likely remarry  　B. prefer the way they live

　　C. have lost faith in marriage 　D. are the vast majority of people in the society.

　　33. Which of the following can be presented as the picture of today’s American families?

　　A. A typical American family consists of only a husband and a wife.

　　B. Many types of family arrangements have become socially acceptable.

　　C. Americans prefer to have more kids than before.

　　D. There are no nuclear families any more.

　　34. “ Part-time” children _____

　　A. spend some of their time with their half brothers and some of their time with their half sisters.

　　B. Spend all of their time with one parent from the previous marriage.

　　C. Are shared between the two former spouses　D. Cannot stay with “full-time” children.

　　35. Even though great changes have taken place in the structure of American families,______.

　　A. the functions of marriage remain unchanged.

　　B. The vast majority of Americans still have faith in marriage.

　　C. Most Americans prefer a second marriage.    D. All of the above.

　　Passage Four

　　Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.

　　It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.

　　Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will "obey" spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word obey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.

　　Any attempts to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby's intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire (能发出的全部声音). This self imitation leads on to deliberate(有意识的) imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that their imitations can be considered as speech.

　　36. By ". . . challenges explanation" (Line 2, Para. l) the author means that _______.

　　A) no explanation is necessary for such an obvious phenomenon

　　B) no explanation has been made up to now

C) it's no easy job to provide an adequate explanation　

D) it's high time that an explanation was provided

　　37. The third paragraph is mainly about _______.

　　A) the development of babies' early forms of language

　　B) the difficulties of babies in learning to speak

　　C) babies' strong desire to communicate   D) babies' intention to communicate

　　38. The author's purpose in writing the second paragraph is to show that children ____.

　　A) usually obey without asking questions

　　B) are passive in the process of learning to speak

　　C) are born cooperative     D) learn to speak by listening

　　39. From the passage we learn that _______.

　　A) early starters can learn to speak within only six months

　　B) children show a strong desire to communicate by making noises

　　C) imitation plays an important role in learning to speak

　　D) children have various difficulties in learning to speak

　　40. The best title for this passage would be _______.

　　A) How Babies Learn to Speak   B) Early Forms of Language

　　C) A Huge Task for Children     D) Noise Making and Language Learning

　　(DBCAA DBBAC DABCD CADCA)

　　　二、猜题的技巧--答案的特征

　　1、“体现中心思想的选项是答案” 北京导航专用讲义

　　文中的细节、例子、引语都是为了说明文章主旨、段落主旨，所以考细节的题目，虽然不是主旨题，但能体现中心思想或段落土旨的选项是答案的可能隆要远远大于其他选项　　   2、“看似合理的选项不是答案；看似不合理的选项是答案” 北京导航专用讲义

四个选择项中若有一个对问题而言、根据常识看似不合理，而其他几项根据常识都可合理地作为问题的答案，此时若我们没看懂(或在听力理解中未听懂)文中意思，我们可以大胆猜测这个看似不合理的选项是答案。作为答案的选项看起来不合理的原因可能是其中某个词不是常用意义，若根据其通常意义理解则该选项看起来当然不合理，也可能是一些特定的理由，无论是哪种情况，都有助于使试题具有难度。所以根据命题的难度原则及实践经验可得出如下猜题技巧：“看似不合理的选项是答案，看似合理的选项不是答案”。

3、“照抄原文的选项不是答案；和原文作同义替换的选项是答案”

在设计题目时，为了迷惑考生，命题者一般都会将原文中的内容换个说法作为正确答案的选项，而将某些与题干问题不符的原文原话作为干扰项，或将原文中的某些句子做了细微的改变引诱考生上当。　　

4、“含义肯定的选项不是答案；含义不肯定的选项是答案” 北京导航专用讲义

选项中的might等词语可以表达种委婉、中庸、不肯定的语气，为表达的观点留有余地，而含义肯定的词语则使得句意有些绝对、没有余地。凡事都不能太绝对，所以听力、阅读中的选项“含义肯定的不是答案，含义不肯定的是答案”，含义不肯定的标志有：can，could．probably，may，might，be likely to，most(大多数)，more or less，relatively等。含有这些词的备选项是答案的可能性较大。　　

5、“含义绝对的选项不是答案” 北京导航专用讲义

凡事不可太绝对，所以含义中庸、折中、不肯定、不确定的选项是答案的可能性要大于含义绝的选项。表示一种绝对含义的词语有：must，always，never, the most(最高级)，all, only，any，none，entirely等。也就是说，选项中含有上述词语时，是答案的可能性较小。但是，当选择项在表示原因，表示方式、方法时，此猜题技巧不适　　

7、“含义具体的选项不是答案，含义概括的选项是答

有些题目的四个备选项中，有些备选项的意思可以被另外-个选项包括进去、若选前者，则后者也说的过去，而一道标准化试题是不可能有两个答案的，　　

8、“含有some（包括someone、somebody、some time、something、certain等）的选顷是答案” some常常表达一种不确定、模糊，泛指的含义，而这既符合“含义不肯定的选项是答案”，又符合“含义概括的选项是答案”。　　

9、简单的不是答案，复杂的是答案

命题者为了使题有一定难度，通常要把干扰项设计成简单易懂的句子，而有意将作为答案的选项设计成句式复杂、意思含混：因此有以下猜题技巧：“含义矛盾的选项是答案”、“复合句是答案”：“含有比较结构的选项是答案”、“体现原文字面意思的选项不是答案，表达原文内在含义的选项是答案”　　含义具体的选项不是答案，含义抽象的选项是答案。

10、英语里有一些含义丰富的“小词”，特别是一些形容词，副词，介词。

　　他们本身并没有什么意思，但句子中加了这些词，含义会更加丰富，更加隐蔽，对付考生非常有效，而且这些词常作答案，可称之为“虚词型的答案”。(1)不考本身。但要考：another另一个，other剩下的，more更多的，earlier早点的，1ater晚点的，besides除此之外，：additional额外的，extra多余的，eventually最终的。(2)不考一般的，而要考：‘especially特别，different不同的，particularly特殊。(3)不考完全的，而要考：“nearly; almost。(4)不考具体的，而考概括的：either, both, also, as well。考生碰到此问题要加倍小心。

　　和阅读理解选择题中，含有如下词语的选项是答案的可能性子大：another、other、more、either、1ater、both、either、also、besides、additional、extra、different、particular、nearly、almost、especially、eventually、表示“部分”的词语。

　　11、发展变化是答案。

　　听力和阅读理解常常以一件事发生了变化为命题对象，所以“表示变化的选项是答案”，表示变化的时间语主要有：change、delay、improvement、postpone、increase、alter等。例如四级98-6-22的B)、99-l-25的D)、99-6-34的B)，00-1-31的D)、00-1-38的D)。

　　12、“含有表示‘重要’的选顷是答案”表示“重要”的词主要有：important、necessity, essential等。例如四级98-6-36的D)；00-1-31的D)。