主谓一致 完成版
(2012-11-10 08:39:42)
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分类: 语法 |
主谓一致
一·概述:主谓一致的三个基本原则是:语法一致、意义一致和就近原则。
“语法一致”是指形式上的一致。即:主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式。
“意义一致”是指有些主语形式上虽为单数,而意义上是复数,谓语动词用复数;同样有些主语形式上虽为复数,而意义上是单数,谓语动词用单数。
“就近原则”是指谓语动词的单复数与最靠近它的名词或代词保持一致。
(一)并列结构作主语的情况:
1、and连接并列成分作主语的情况:
⑴由and或both…and…连接的并列成分作主语时,谓语动词常用复数。
⑵and连接的两部分表示同一个人、事物或概念时,谓语动词用单数。
⑶
由and连接两个带the(a或物主代词)的单数可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数;如果只有前一个名词带the(a或物主代词)时,谓语动词用单数。如:
The teacher and the doctor are
Chinese.
⑷ and前后均有each,every,no,many
a…等修饰可数名词单数,构成并列成分作主语时,谓语动词用单数。其中后一个限定词可以省略。如: No sound and (no)
voice is heard.
⑸ 由“and连接的前置并列修饰语+不可数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数。如:
Good and bad meat in the market are sold out.
⑹“不可数名词+and连接的后置并列修饰语”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如: Beer from the USA and Germany is much better than that from Britain.
⑺ 由and连接的第二个名词(短语)表示否定或带有状语时,谓语动词与第一个名词保持一致。如: The
parents and not the son were
missing.
⑻ what从句的并列式作主语时,并列完整式用复数;并列缩略式用单数。如: What he says
⑼
由and连接的两个疑问代词、不定式或动名词作主语时,根据主语表达的意义,确定谓语动词单复数形式(即意义一致原则)。如: Where
and when to build the house is not
decided.
2、“就近原则”:
Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the
party.
They except Jim are
Chinese.
(二)单一成分作主语的情况(一般情况下主语的人称和数决定谓语动词的单复数形式)。
1、名词作主语的情况:
如: His trousers are
new.
⑶集合名词作主语。
①有些集合名词作主语,谓语动词常常用复数。这类名词有people(人们),police(警察),cattle(牲口),oxen(牛),
folk(人们),youth(青年人),militia(民兵),poultry(家禽),the
Greens(格林一家)等。但注意如果以上一些名词的意义发生变化时,其谓语动词不一定用复数形式。如: Poultry are used
as food.(家禽常常用来当作食品)
②某些集合名词作主语,如果当作整体看待,谓语动词用单数;如果强调其中的各个个体或成员,谓语动词用复数。这类名词有family,class,group(小组),grade,team,army(军队),club(俱乐部),audience(听众),crew(全体人员),committee(委员会),company(公司),government(政府),union(联合会),enemy(敌人),majority(多数),population,staff(员工),public(公众),crowd(人群),party(政党),couple(夫妇),band(伙、团、
队),cabinet(内阁),nation(国民)等。如: His family is
poor.
⑸专有名词(如书刊名、报纸、国名、山脉、海峡等)作主语,谓语动词用单数。
如:The United Nations was founded in 1945.
⑹名词所有格表示“商店、工厂或住宅”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。但指“店铺”时,一般当集合名词看待,谓语动词用复数。这类名词有the baker's(烤房,面包房),the barber's(理发店),the carpenter's(木工房),the Green's(格林先生的家)等。
如:
⑺名词化结构“the+形容词/过去分词/动词-ing”作主语时,谓语动词常用复数;但如果指“一个人”或“抽象的一类事物概念或品质”时,谓语动词用单数。这类词有the
old,the young,the wounded,the dying等。如: The blind study in special
schools.
⑻某些以-ch,-ese,-sh结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用表示“整个民族”,作主语时谓语动词用复数;但当它们表示“某种语言”时,谓语动词用单数。如:
The Chinese are great.
⑼表示量的名词作主语,要根据其具体含义确定谓语动词的单复数形式。
这类词有half(一半),(a)part(一部分),plenty(大量),the rest(其余的人或物),the
following(下面的人或物)等。如: I have drunk some of the water and the rest
is for you.
2、代词作主语的情况:
(a)
⑶不定代词many,(a)few,several,both等作主语或修饰主语时,谓语动词用复数。 如: Both(of the books)are interesting.
⑷不定代词all,none,any,some,more,most,a lot(of),lots of等作主语或修饰主语时,谓语动词应根据其指代或修饰的名词的数确定单复数形式。
如: None of us has seen the
film.(我们中没有一个人看过这部电影。)
⑸疑问代词who,whose,which,what等作主语时,谓语动词应根据说话人的意图确定单复数。如: Who
are today's
topics?
⑹指示代词such,the same,,,,below,the
following等作主语时,谓语动词应根据其内容(表语)确定单复数。如: Such is
life.
⑺关系代词that,which,who等在定语从句中作主语时,谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。注意:“one
of+复数名词+who/that/which”型定语从句,复数名词是先行词,故定语从句的谓语动词用复数;但是,如果one前有this,that,the,the
very,the only等修饰时,one是先行词,故定语从句的谓语动词用单数。如: Those who want to go
please sign your name
here.
⑻名词性物主代词作主语时,谓语动词应根据其指代的内容确定单复数。如: Your Party is a great
party,ours(Our Party)is also a great
party.
Your shoes are black,mine(my shoes)are
white.
3、数词作主语:
⑴“四则运算”的数词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数(若是“加法”或“乘法”,谓语动词也可以用复数)。如: Two
and three is/are five.
⑵“分数和百分数”构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词应根据of后的名词确定单复数。如: Only 20 percent/Two fifths of the books are worth reading.
⑶表示“时间、距离、价格、金额、长度、重量、量度、温度”等的数词作主语,谓语动词通常用单数形式;但侧重于“若干单位”时,谓语动词用复数。如:
Twenty years isn’t a long
time.
⑷当主语被表示“单位、度量”的短语修饰时,谓语动词由表示“度量”的名词的单复数确定。这类短语有a kind
of,a sort of,a type of,a pair of,a ton of,a cup of,a meter of,a
bottle of,a handful of(一把……),a glass of,a piece of,a box of,a form
of,a quantity of等。如: Here is a pair of
shoes.
⑸当主语被以下短语修饰时,谓语动词的单复数由of后面的名词的单复数决定。这类短语有短语有短语有短语有plenty of,a lot of/lots ofa ,half of,most of,the rest of,the remainder(剩余的,剩下的)),some of,a heap of/heaps of(许多的、大量的)。
如: Lots of money is
needed.
⑹几种特殊结构:
①The number of +复数名词+单数谓语
② Many a
+单数名词+单数谓语
A good(great)many +复数名词+复数谓 A good many students are present at
the meeting.
③ A/An +单数名词+or two +单数谓语
One or two +复数名词+复数谓语
④A/An +单数名词+and a half +单数谓语
⑤More than one +复数谓语
More than one +单数名词+单数谓语
More than
two(three…)+复数名词+复数谓语
⑥ The amount of +不可数名词+单数谓语
(Large)amounts of +不可数名词+复数谓语 Large amounts of money were spent
on the bridge.
The quantity of
+不可数名词/复数名词+单数谓语
(Large quantities of +不可数名/复名词+复谓语 Large quantities of
paper/books are needed.
⑦A variety of + 复数名词 + 复数谓语
A variety of +单名词 + 单谓语
The variety of + 复数名词 + 单数谓 The variety of goods suggests that
they are wealthy.
Varieties of + 单数名词/复数名词 + 复数谓语 There are varieties of
flowers/water.
⑧This kind of book is worth reading.
This kind of men is dangerous.
⑨An average of + 复数名词 + 复数谓语
The average of +
注意:由kind, form, type, sort, species, portion, series
of等修饰主语时,谓语动词常取决于这些词的单复数。如: This new type of buses is now on
show.
Some new forms of art were discussed at the
meeting.
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.
注意: men of this kind和these kind of men作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
如: Men of this kind/These kind of men are
dangerous.
4、其他情况:
⑴两个主语,一个表肯定,一个表否定,谓语动词与肯定主语一致。
如:The parents,not his son,were missing.
⑵表示前后照应的词组,如the above,the below,the former,the latter,the
following,such等,应根据其所指对象(即表语)决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如无上下文且无法根据表语判断时,则可以当作集合名词看待。如:The
above is(are)the most important fact(facts).
⑶what引导的主语从句,谓语动词多用单数。但从句中有含复数意义的并列结构时,或“表语是复数名词时,谓语动词用单复数皆可。如:What
we need is
time.
What we need are/is
books.
⑷单个的动名词(短语)或不定式(短语))作主语时,谓语动词用单数。两个以上的动名词(短语)或不定式(短语)作并列主语时,谓语动词用复数。
如:To say something is one thing,to do it is another. Going
fishing and going skating are her favorite
sports.
(5) 当先行词在定语从句中作主语时,应注意定语从句的谓语动词应与前面的先行词保持数的一致。
尤其注意如下结构:one of/not the only one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 复数谓语动词;the only one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 单数谓语动词。
如: He gave me five yuan that/which isn’t enough for
me.
He gave me two apples that/which are enough for me. He is one of the students who/that have passed the examination.
He is the only one of the students who/that has passed the
examination.
附:特殊名词作主语时,谓语动词的判定
1、常常当复数名词处理的有:vegetables,works(工厂),games,cards,people(人),scissors,pincers(钳子),glasses,shorts(短裤),trousers,clothes,compasses(圆规),thanks(感谢),remains(残余、遗迹),ashes(尸体、文化遗迹),contents(内容、容量、目录),goods(货物),police,cattle(牛群),poultry(家禽),archives(档案、公文),arms(武器),fireworks(烟火),morals(道德),stairs,suburbs(市郊、郊区)以及以ing结尾的名词。 2、作主语当单数处理的有:
⑴以s结尾的疾病名词。如arthritis(关节炎),bronchitis(支气管炎)等。
⑵以s结尾的游戏名词。如marbles(弹球),draughts(跳棋)等。
⑶以ics结尾的学科名词。如physics,mathematics,mechanics(力学,机械学),optics(光学),politics(政治),economics,linguistics(语言学),athletics(运动)等。
⑷以s结尾的国名。如United States
⑸man(人类),tofu,money,bread,coke,ice-cream,fun,information,progress,luck,furniture(家具),machinery(机器、机械,注意machine为可数名词),clothing,traffic,jewellery(珠宝,注意jewel为可数名词),equipment(设备、装备)等。
⑴单复数同形的名词作主语时,应以其前的修饰语确定谓语动词的单复数形式。如sheep,deer,fish(鱼),means(方法),works(工厂),species(种类),series(系列),swine(猪),aircraft(飞机、飞艇),bellows(风箱),crossroads(十字路口),headquarters(司令部、总部),Swiss(瑞士人),Chinese,Japanese等。
⑵随着意义的不同,谓语动词应区别对待的有fish(鱼的条数或种类、鱼肉),chicken(小鸡、鸡肉),paper(纸;报纸、论文、试卷),people(人、人民、民族),orange(桔子、桔汁、橙色),room(房间、空间),man(男人、人类),difficulty/trouble,all及food(s),fruit(s),drink(s),tea(s),water(s),sand(s),paper(s),green(s),force(s),manner(s),look(s),hair(s),iron(s),spirit(s),good(s),time(s)等。
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