语法专题(主谓一致)
(2010-11-21 10:01:41)
标签:
杂谈 |
分类: 语法 |
主谓一致
一·概述:主谓一致的三个基本原则是:语法一致、意义一致和就近原则。
“语法一致”是指形式上的一致。即:主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式。
“意义一致”是指有些主语形式上虽为单数,而意义上是复数,谓语动词用复数;同样有些主语形式上虽为复数,而意义上是单数,谓语动词用单数。
“就近原则”是指谓语动词的单复数与最靠近它的名词或代词保持一致。
(一)并列结构作主语的情况:
1、and连接并列成分作主语的情况:
⑴由and或both…and…连接的并列成分作主语时,谓语动词常用复数。
⑵and连接的两部分表示同一个人、事物或概念时,谓语动词用单数。
⑶
由and连接两个带the(a或物主代词)的单数可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数;如果只有前一个名词带the(a或物主代词)时,谓语动词用单数。如:
The teacher and the doctor are
Chinese.
⑷ and前后均有each,every,no,many a…等修饰可数名词单数,构成并列成分作主语时,谓语动词用单数。其中后一个限定词可以省略。如:
No sound and (no) voice is
heard.
⑸ 由“and连接的前置并列修饰语+不可数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数。如:
Good and bad meat in the market are sold out.
⑹“不可数名词+and连接的后置并列修饰语”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如: Beer from the USA and Germany is much better than that from Britain.
⑺
由and连接的第二个名词(短语)表示否定或带有状语时,谓语动词与第一个名词保持一致。如:
The parents and not the son
were missing.
⑻ what从句的并列式作主语时,并列完整式用复数;并列缩略式用单数。如:
What he says
⑼
由and连接的两个疑问代词、不定式或动名词作主语时,根据主语表达的意义,确定谓语动词单复数形式(即意义一致原则)。如:
Where and when to build the
house is not decided.
2、“就近原则”:
Tom as
well as two of his friends was invited to the party.
They
except Jim are Chinese.
(二)单一成分作主语的情况(一般情况下主语的人称和数决定谓语动词的单复数形式)。
1、名词作主语的情况:
如: His trousers are
new.
⑶集合名词作主语。
①有些集合名词作主语,谓语动词常常用复数。这类名词有people(人们),police(警察),cattle(牲口),oxen(牛), folk(人们),youth(青年人),militia(民兵),poultry(家禽),the Greens(格林一家)等。但注意如果以上一些名词的意义发生变化时,其谓语动词不一定用复数形式。如:
Poultry are used as
food.(家禽常常用来当作食品)
②某些集合名词作主语,如果当作整体看待,谓语动词用单数;如果强调其中的各个个体或成员,谓语动词用复数。这类名词有family,class,group(小组),grade,team,army(军队),club(俱乐部),audience(听众),crew(全体人员),committee(委员会),company(公司),government(政府),union(联合会),enemy(敌人),majority(多数),population,staff(员工),public(公众),crowd(人群),party(政党),couple(夫妇),band(伙、团、
队),cabinet(内阁),nation(国民)等。如:
His family is poor.
⑸专有名词(如书刊名、报纸、国名、山脉、海峡等)作主语,谓语动词用单数。
如:The United Nations was founded in 1945.
⑹名词所有格表示“商店、工厂或住宅”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。但指“店铺”时,一般当集合名词看待,谓语动词用复数。这类名词有the baker's(烤房,面包房),the barber's(理发店),the carpenter's(木工房),the Green's(格林先生的家)等。
如:
⑺名词化结构“the+形容词/过去分词/动词-ing”作主语时,谓语动词常用复数;但如果指“一个人”或“抽象的一类事物概念或品质”时,谓语动词用单数。这类词有the old,the young,the wounded,the dying等。如:
The blind study in special
schools.
⑻某些以-ch,-ese,-sh结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用表示“整个民族”,作主语时谓语动词用复数;但当它们表示“某种语言”时,谓语动词用单数。如:
The Chinese are
great.
⑼表示量的名词作主语,要根据其具体含义确定谓语动词的单复数形式。
这类词有half(一半),(a)part(一部分),plenty(大量),the rest(其余的人或物),the following(下面的人或物)等。如:
I have drunk some of the water
and the rest is for you.
2、代词作主语的情况:
(a)
⑶不定代词many,(a)few,several,both等作主语或修饰主语时,谓语动词用复数。 如: Both(of the books)are interesting.
⑷不定代词all,none,any,some,more,most,a lot(of),lots of等作主语或修饰主语时,谓语动词应根据其指代或修饰的名词的数确定单复数形式。
如: None of us has seen
the film.(我们中没有一个人看过这部电影。)
⑸疑问代词who,whose,which,what等作主语时,谓语动词应根据说话人的意图确定单复数。如:
Who are today's
topics?
⑹指示代词such,the same,,,,below,the following等作主语时,谓语动词应根据其内容(表语)确定单复数。如:
Such is life.
⑺关系代词that,which,who等在定语从句中作主语时,谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。注意:“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”型定语从句,复数名词是先行词,故定语从句的谓语动词用复数;但是,如果one前有this,that,the,the very,the only等修饰时,one是先行词,故定语从句的谓语动词用单数。如:
Those who want to go please
sign your name here.
⑻名词性物主代词作主语时,谓语动词应根据其指代的内容确定单复数。如:
Your Party is a great
party,ours(Our Party)is also a great party.
Your shoes
are black,mine(my shoes)are white.
3、数词作主语:
⑴“四则运算”的数词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数(若是“加法”或“乘法”,谓语动词也可以用复数)。如:
Two and three is/are
five.
⑵“分数和百分数”构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词应根据of后的名词确定单复数。如: Only 20 percent/Two fifths of the books are worth reading.
⑶表示“时间、距离、价格、金额、长度、重量、量度、温度”等的数词作主语,谓语动词通常用单数形式;但侧重于“若干单位”时,谓语动词用复数。如:
Twenty years
isn’t a long time.
⑷当主语被表示“单位、度量”的短语修饰时,谓语动词由表示“度量”的名词的单复数确定。这类短语有a kind of,a sort of,a type of,a pair of,a ton of,a cup of,a meter of,a bottle of,a handful of(一把……),a glass of,a piece of,a box of,a form of,a quantity of等。如:
Here is a pair of
shoes.
⑸当主语被以下短语修饰时,谓语动词的单复数由of后面的名词的单复数决定。这类短语有短语有短语有短语有plenty of,a lot of/lots ofa ,half of,most of,the rest of,the remainder(剩余的,剩下的)),some of,a heap of/heaps of(许多的、大量的)。
如: Lots of money is
needed.
⑹几种特殊结构:
①The number of
+复数名词+单数谓语
② Many a
+单数名词+单数谓语
A
good(great)many +复数名词+复数谓
A good many students are
present at the meeting.
③ A/An
+单数名词+or two +单数谓语
One or two
+复数名词+复数谓语
④A/An
+单数名词+and a half +单数谓语
⑤More than one
+复数谓语
More than one
+单数名词+单数谓语
More than
two(three…)+复数名词+复数谓语
⑥ The amount of
+不可数名词+单数谓语
(Large)amounts of +不可数名词+复数谓语
Large amounts of money were
spent on the bridge.
The quantity of
+不可数名词/复数名词+单数谓语
(Large quantities of
+不可数名/复名词+复谓语
Large quantities of paper/books
are needed.
⑦A variety of +
复数名词 +
复数谓语
A variety of
+单名词
+
单谓语
The variety of
+
复数名词 +
单数谓 The variety of goods
suggests that they are wealthy.
Varieties of
+
单数名词/复数名词
+
复数谓语 There are varieties
of flowers/water.
⑧This kind of book is worth reading.
This kind of men is
dangerous.
⑨An average of +
复数名词 +
复数谓语
The average of
+
注意:由kind, form, type, sort, species, portion, series
of等修饰主语时,谓语动词常取决于这些词的单复数。如:
This new type of buses is now
on show.
Some new forms of
art were discussed at the meeting.
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.
注意: men of this kind和these kind of men作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
如: Men of this
kind/These kind of men are dangerous.
4、其他情况:
⑴两个主语,一个表肯定,一个表否定,谓语动词与肯定主语一致。
如:The parents,not his son,were missing.
⑵表示前后照应的词组,如the above,the below,the former,the latter,the following,such等,应根据其所指对象(即表语)决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如无上下文且无法根据表语判断时,则可以当作集合名词看待。如:The above is(are)the most important fact(facts).
⑶what引导的主语从句,谓语动词多用单数。但从句中有含复数意义的并列结构时,或“表语是复数名词时,谓语动词用单复数皆可。如:What we need is time.
What we need are/is
books.
⑷单个的动名词(短语)或不定式(短语))作主语时,谓语动词用单数。两个以上的动名词(短语)或不定式(短语)作并列主语时,谓语动词用复数。
如:To say something is
one thing,to do it is another. Going fishing and going
skating are her favorite sports.
(5) 当先行词在定语从句中作主语时,应注意定语从句的谓语动词应与前面的先行词保持数的一致。
尤其注意如下结构:one of/not the only one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 复数谓语动词;the only one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 单数谓语动词。
如: He gave me five yuan
that/which isn’t enough for me.
He gave me two apples that/which are enough for me. He is one of the students who/that have passed the examination.
He is the
only one of the students who/that has passed the
examination.
附:特殊名词作主语时,谓语动词的判定
1、常常当复数名词处理的有:vegetables,works(工厂),games,cards,people(人),scissors,pincers(钳子),glasses,shorts(短裤),trousers,clothes,compasses(圆规),thanks(感谢),remains(残余、遗迹),ashes(尸体、文化遗迹),contents(内容、容量、目录),goods(货物),police,cattle(牛群),poultry(家禽),archives(档案、公文),arms(武器),fireworks(烟火),morals(道德),stairs,suburbs(市郊、郊区)以及以ing结尾的名词。 2、作主语当单数处理的有:
⑴以s结尾的疾病名词。如arthritis(关节炎),bronchitis(支气管炎)等。
⑵以s结尾的游戏名词。如marbles(弹球),draughts(跳棋)等。
⑶以ics结尾的学科名词。如physics,mathematics,mechanics(力学,机械学),optics(光学),politics(政治),economics,linguistics(语言学),athletics(运动)等。
⑷以s结尾的国名。如United States
⑸man(人类),tofu,money,bread,coke,ice-cream,fun,information,progress,luck,furniture(家具),machinery(机器、机械,注意machine为可数名词),clothing,traffic,jewellery(珠宝,注意jewel为可数名词),equipment(设备、装备)等。
⑴单复数同形的名词作主语时,应以其前的修饰语确定谓语动词的单复数形式。如sheep,deer,fish(鱼),means(方法),works(工厂),species(种类),series(系列),swine(猪),aircraft(飞机、飞艇),bellows(风箱),crossroads(十字路口),headquarters(司令部、总部),Swiss(瑞士人),Chinese,Japanese等。
⑵随着意义的不同,谓语动词应区别对待的有fish(鱼的条数或种类、鱼肉),chicken(小鸡、鸡肉),paper(纸;报纸、论文、试卷),people(人、人民、民族),orange(桔子、桔汁、橙色),room(房间、空间),man(男人、人类),difficulty/trouble,all及food(s),fruit(s),drink(s),tea(s),water(s),sand(s),paper(s),green(s),force(s),manner(s),look(s),hair(s),iron(s),spirit(s),good(s),time(s)等。
http://wenku.baidu.com/view/e3d3205277232f60ddcca1bb
一、语法一致
1. 由and 连接的两个名词做主语, 表示不同的人或事, 谓语动词用复数。
What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the other students.
2. and 连接的两个名词指同一个人或物时, 谓语动词用单数。
The famous writer and poet has given a talk twice a day.
3. 由no…and no … , each…and each … , every … and every …,many a … and many a … 等构成复合主语时 , 谓语动词用单数。
Every boy and every girl has the right to get education.
Many a desk and many a chair has been taken out of the classroom.
4. 两个单数名词用and 并列表示一个概念或是不可分割的整体做主语, 位于用单数。常见的此类短语有 war and peace , iron and steel , a needle and threat , bread and butter ,a cart and horse 等。
egg and rice is her usual breakfast.
5. 主语后面带有as well as, rather than, like, but, expect, besides, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to, as much as, more than, 等词连接的名词, 根据语法一致的原则, 谓语动词根据这些词前的主语来确定动词的形式。
The professor together with a number of students was doing experiments in chemistry in the lab at that time.
二、临近性原则
1. 由连词or, either…or, neither…nor, whether…or, not only…but also, not…but 等连接主语, 谓语动词与最靠近的主语保持一致。
如:Was he or you in the next room just now?
2. 谓语动词与介词后面的名词的数一致。
1) all of ; most of ; a lot of ; some of ; half of ; the rest of ; plenty of ; part of ; two-third of 等加名词做主语时, 谓语动词根据名词的数而定。
如:The rest of the boys were out. All of the work has been done.
None of them have arrived yet.
如:He is the only one of the students who has been to Shanghai.
He is one of the students who have been to Shanghai.
如:A great number of scientists invited are present at the conference.
如:There is little water in the bottle.
如:A large amount of money was spent on the great bridge.
Large amounts of money were spent on the great bridge.
如:A day or two has passed.
One or two days have passed.
例:This kind of men is dangerous.
例:Men of this kind are dangerous.
C) 如果kind of 前有复数限定词, 谓语动词用复数。
例:These kind(s) of men interest me.
三、逻辑意义上的一致
1. 某些集体名词, 如family, team, class, enemy, majority, group, government, public, party, army, firm, company等, 如视作一个整体, 作单数用。如果指该集体的各个成员, 则作复数用。例:His family is small. His family are all model workers.
2. people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽)等有生命的集体名词, 位于动词用复数形式。
3. 以-s结尾的名词
1) 学科名称如:politics, physics, mathematics, economics 等以及书名.游戏名. 疾病名作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数。
如:The Arabian Nights (天方夜谭) is a popular reading with the young people.
但物体前若用pair of , 谓语动词的单复数, 常取决于pair 前的单复数。
如:There are some new pairs of compasses.
4. 表示时间, 重量, 距离, 金钱等名词作主语时, 往往把这类复数成一个整体, 谓语动词用单数。如: Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.
One hundred dollars is not a large sum of money.
5. 不定式, 动名词, 从句作主语, 谓语用单数。例:To teach is to learn.
6. 表示地方, 国家, 机构, 等专有名词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数,
如:The New York Times is published daily.
7. 表示群岛, 山脉, 瀑布, 运动会等专有名词作主语时, 谓语动词用复数。
如:The Olympic Games are held once every four
years.
8. 少数名词如means, works, pains, 等作主语时, 谓语动词单复数根据所表达的概念而定。
如: Every means has been tried. All possible means have been tried.
9. 数词one 后跟in, of, out of, 引起的介词词组作主语是时, 谓语动词一般用单数。
如:One out of twenty was badly damaged.
典型例题:
1. I think Tom, ______ you, ______ to blame.
A. rather than;
is
解析:这一例题考查的是名词后面跟except , as well as , rather than 等句子的主谓一致, 这时句子的谓语应和介词前面的词保持一致。rather than ,“而不是”, 主语是Tom。故谓语用单数。答案:A
2. It is said that more students than one ______ the film.
A. has
seen
解析: more than one 谓语动词用单数, more +复数名词than one 谓语动词用复数