真实把握“虚拟语气”

                                        湖北省黄梅县第二中学  吴俊锋

                                       

      许多同学在学习虚拟语气时，感觉记不住，用不准，认为虚拟语气知识点杂而多，难以形成有效的理解和记忆，因此产生畏惧心理。笔者认为任何语法规则的形成都具有其合理性一面。在多年的教学中，针对高考考纲要求，笔者摸索了一套学习虚拟语气的方法，供大家参考：

    一、切入：真实条件状语从句

    学习虚拟语气可以从我们耳熟能详的真实条件句切入，找到切入点就如疱丁解牛，迎刃而解。大家都熟悉下面的句子。

    句① If it rains tomorrow，we will stay at home.

    此句中if引导的是一个真实的条件状语从句，可理解为“根据天气预报明天有雨，如果明天下雨（条件是真实存在的），我们将呆在家里”，此句if引导的条件状语从句中一般现在时代替一般将来时，这是一条很重要的英语入门的语法规则。

    我们把句①整体迁移，加上过去时变成句②，再把句②整体迁移，加上完成时变成句③。

句①           If it rains tomorrow，       I will stay at home.   ↓过去时               ↓                      ↓ 句②           If it rained tomorrow/today ，I would stay at home.   ↓完成时               ↓                      ↓ 句③    If it had rained  yesterday ，I would have stayed at home.

 

   不难看出，句②就是一个对现在或将来的虚拟句，可理解为“根据天气预报今天/明天天气晴朗（客观存在），我们计划郊游。如果下雨（虚拟假设），我们将呆在家里”。句③可理解为“昨天天气很好，我们出去郊游了（客观事实）。但如果昨天下雨的话（与事实相反的虚拟假设），我们将呆在家里”。是一个对过去的虚拟句。

   从句①→句②→句③的演变，我们可以了解虚拟语气的来龙去脉，摸清其中的规律，形成更好的理解和有效的记忆。

   二、突破：虚拟条件状语从句

   1、结构： 

虚拟情况	if条件状语从句	主  句
与现在事实相反	If+主语+动词过去式	主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形
与将来事实相反	If+主语 ①动词过去式 ②should+动词原形 ③were to+动词原形	主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形
与过去事实相反	If+主语+had+过去分词	主语+would/should/could/might+have+过去分词

 注意：①虚拟条件句中的be的过去式一般为were.

         ②表将来虚拟时，主句中第一人称可用should，其他人称用would；而从句中任何人称都用should，且不能省略should.

         ③表将来虚拟时，从句中可用were to do，是由be to do表示将来演变而来。

       If I were you，I would go to the party.         如果我是你，我就会去参加聚会。

       If it should rain tomorrow，what would you do?      如果明天下雨，你怎么办？

       If I had not studied hard，I would have failed in the exam.

假如我学习不那么刻苦，就不会通过考试了。

2、倒装：在正式文体中，有时可省去if，而将were，had，should提到主语前。

       Were I you，I would go to the party.      

       Should it rain tomorrow，what would you do?    

       Had I not studied hard，I would have failed in the exam.

3、错综时间虚拟句：主句和从句的动作不是发生在同一时间，其动词形式要根据时间而定。

      If you had not missed the bus，we would be enjoying their concert now.

      要不是你误了公共汽车的话，那我们现在正在听他们的音乐会呢。

      If it hadn’t been for the doctor’s care。I should not be speaking to you now.

      要不是有了医生的照料，我现在就不能和你讲话了。

      If I had earned some money last summer，I would go on vacation next month.

      如果我去年夏天挣了点钱，我下个月就会去度假了。

4、含蓄条件句：句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用某他手段或方式来暗示存在虚拟条件。其虚拟的结构形式通过主句来表现。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的方式有：

   ①介词或介词短语：but for（要不是…），without（假若没有…），with（假若有…）

       With you help，I could have finished the work ahead of time.

       如果有你的帮助的话，我本可以提前完成这项工作。

       Without air and water，there would be no living things on the earth.

       如果没有空气和水，地球上就不会存在生物。

       But for the rain，we should have had a pleasant journey.

       如果不是因为下雨，旅途会很愉快。

       What would you do with a million dollars?

       如果有了一百万美元，你会做什么？

    ②副词or，otherwise(否则)

He telephoned to inform me of your birthday，or I would have known nothing about it.

    I was ill that day，Otherwise，I would have taken part in the sports meeting.

   ③根据上下文语境来表示某种假设情况

Five minutes earlier and you could have met her at the station.

    早来五分钟的话，你就能在车站见到他了。

    You could have done better，but you didn’t try you best.

你本可以做得更好，但你没有尽力。

三、提升：名词性从句中的虚拟语气

1、表示建议命令、要求等词后的宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句，主语从句等名词性从句中，要用should+动词原形，should可省略。

①常见的词有：

 

A（动词）	B（过去分词）	C（名词）	意义
insist	insisted	insistence	坚持
command	commanded	command	命令
order	ordered	order	命令
advise	advised	advice	建议、忠告
suggest	suggested	suggestion	建议
propose	proposed	proposal	建议
demand	demanded	demand	要求
require	required	requirement	需要
request	requested	request	要求
desire	desired	desire	渴求
recommend	recommended	recommendation	推荐

 

      我们可以用“一二三四”法巧记这些动词：“一、二、三、四”法，即一个坚持（insist），两个命令（order，command），三个建议（suggest，propose，advise）, 四个要求（demand，require, request ,ask）。

   ②常见的句型有：（1）主语+A+that引导的宾语从句

                  （2）It is/was+B+that引导的主语从句

                  （3）what+主语+A+is/was+that引导的表语从句

                  （4）One’s+C+is/was+that引导的表语从句

                  （5）One’s+C+that引导的同位语从句+谓语

      What do you think of Mr Li’s proposal that we should have a get—together next Friday.（同位语从句）

      The officer ordered that everybody take part in the campaign.（宾语从句）

      My order is that nobody should get there later than 8:00 tomorrow morning. (表语从句)

      It is desired that every student should obey the school rules. (主语从句)

      注意：①当suggest表示“表明、暗示”时，从句不再虚拟语气。

          Jane’s pale face suggested that she was ill.

          Mike came home quickly，which suggested that she had passed the final exam.

      ②当insist表示“坚持即将要做某事，应该如此”，从句用虚拟；而表示“坚持已经发生的客观情况时，事实已经如此”，从句不用虚拟。

       The young man insisted that he had done nothing wrong and (should) be set free.

    2、wish 的宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、主语从句等名词性从句中一般要用虚拟语气，表达一种难以实现的愿望。其谓语动词可构成为：与现在事实相反：过去时（did/were）；与将来事实相反：could/would/might+动词原形；与过去事实相反：过去完成时（had  done）

I wish I had a large house with a beautiful garden.

I wish that I had met the film star yesterday.

I wish they would not bring up that problem again when they come tomorrow.

注意：表示何时的愿望，不能以主句的时态为判断依据，而应根据从句与何时事实相反的意义来判断，从而决定其谓语动词的形式。

同类归纳：谓语动词构成形式类似于wish虚拟的还有：

①If only引导的感叹句中，表示“要是…该多好啊！”

  If only I were a flying bird!

  If only I had gone there yesterday!

注意区别only if：only if 是由充分前置修饰语的副词only和从属连词if组合而成，前者仅仅起突出作用而不改变if的词义。only if 有时写作only……if 表示唯一的条件，汉译“只有……”而if only 汉译“但愿……”

 “Will you come?” “Only if you promise not to invite Marry”

I will only come home if you come with me.

②as if/though 引导的状语从句或表语从句中，表示“好像”

He looks as if he were ill.

She looks as though she had known all the secrets.

They are talking as if they had been old friends.

注意：as if 从句中表达的意思是真实的，则要用陈述语气。

It looks as if is going to rain.（真的要下雨）。

3、It is+部分表示情感的形容词或名词+that引导主语从句，从句中用should+动词原形，should也可省略。

  Should在此类句型中可理解为表示“应该，必须”或“惊讶、遗憾，不以为然”等语气。此类的形容词或名词三种：

  ①形容某件应该做的事是“必需的”、“重要的”、“适当的”、“自然的”、“紧迫的”等。如：important，necessary，unnecessary，strange，natural，possible，impossible，fortunate，advisable，desirable，essential。

  ②形容某件居然发生的事令人“惊讶的”“失望的”“可怕的”“好笑的”等。如：surprising，amazing，pleasing，dreadful，funny

  ③表明某事是一种遗憾。如：a pity，a shame，no wander

It’s strange that he should have acted toward his parents like that.（竟然会）

      It’s surprising/amazing/pleasing/that she (should) win over her mother.（居然会）

      It’s strange that he (should) leave without telling us.  (竟然会)

      It’s natural that she should make such a mistake.（不以为然的语气，“会”）

      It’s a pity/a shame/no wonder that our team should lose the game.（遗憾或不以为然的语气，竟“会”）

      It’s important/necessary that she (should) cooperate with us.（必须）

      当然, 这种句型的主语从句也可直接用陈述语气，但语气就不如虚拟语气强烈。

4、It is time that…句型，表示“该干某事了”，含建议的意思。由一般过去时或should+动词原形构成，should不能省略。

  It is (high) time that you went to school.

  It is time that I should go and pick up my little girl from school.

5、would rather，would prefer后的宾语从句中，表示“希望”，宾语从句中虚拟语气用动词的过去式表示对现在或将来的虚拟，用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。

   I’d rather you didn’t make any comment on the issue for the time being.

   I would rather they had come yesterday.

四、扩展：其它情况的虚拟。

1、in case，for fear that引导的状语从句中，表示“唯恐，以免”，谓语动词用should+动词原形表示虚拟语气。

   She took the raincoat with her in case she should be caught in rain.

   The student is working hard for fear that he should fail to pass the exam.

2、intend，hope，want，plan，mean等表示“希望、想法、意图”，常用过去完成时态或不定式的完成式表示与过去事实相反的虚拟。

   I had meant to go to the party，but I had to work extra hours to prepare a speech.

   I intended to have helped you，but I was very busy at the time.

五、巩固：虚拟语气助记表

 

		与现在事实相反	与将来事实相反	与过去事实相反
①If虚拟条件句	从句	If+主语+did/were	①did/were   ②were to do   ③should do	If+主语+had done
	主句	主语+would/should/might/could do		主语 +would/should/might/could/have done
②wish的名词性从句		主语+did/were	主语 +would/could+do	主语+had done
③as if的表从或状从
④if only引导感叹句
⑤would rather that从句		did		had  done
⑥表示“建议命令要求”的名词性从句		(should)+do
⑦it is+形/名+that从句		(should) do
⑧it is time that 从句		did/should do
⑨in case+从句		should do

 六、练习：完成句子。

 

  1、I fell so sick，I wish Mum            （没有逼我）to eat so much.  (force)

  2、She loves the children as if he                   （是她自己的儿子）(own)

  3、He must have completed his work，otherwise，he                      （不会正玩得愉快）by the seaside.  (enjoy)

  4、It is recommended that a new modern hospital             （建造）in a rural area.  (build)

  5、But for the effective measures taken by the government during the snow disaster，we              （就会遭受更大的损失了）(suffer，loss)

  6、                            （要是他的腿没有受伤的话），Jack would have won the race.(hurt)

  7、If only I                          （那时采纳他的建议）！Now I’m not in such a great trouble.(follow)

  8、—How do                                （你建议我们去北京）for our holiday?

     —I think we’d better fly there. It’s much more comfortable.(suggest，leave)

  9、It’s high time that we                     （采取措施）protect our only earth. (measure)

 10、I would rather you                       （没有太多的家庭作业）to do tonight. (much)

 11、The teacher gave order that                 （所有的作业要完成）before the next Monday. (finish)

 12、I                       （本想给你）the dictionary yesterday，but forgot to bring it here.  (mean)

 13、It is strange that                    （他竟然迟到）today.(late)

 14、But for the constant efforts of Chinese space researchers，the Chang’e I，the first lunatic orbiter，

                  （不可能发射了）(launch)

15、Had I followed your advice to take with my umbrella，I                      (就不会淋雨).(catch)

Keys:

1、hadn’t forced me    2、were her own son    3、wouldn’t be enjoying himself 

4、should be built      5、could/would have suffered greater loss

6、If his leg hadn’t been hurt/Had his leg not been hurt   7、had followed his advice then

8、you suggest we(should)leave for Beijing    9、took/should take measures to

10、didn’t have too much homework       11、will the homework(should)be finished

12、①meant to have given you  ②had meant to give you     13、he should be late

14、wouldn’t have been launched   15、wouldn’t have been caught in the rain