虞其君的话:我将编辑整套英语语法(网络版),以便供大家在这里学
习优秀的英语语法知识(网络资源),谢谢大家光临虞其君
的博客。同时,我衷心地感谢所有语法的来源以及原作者的
成果,再次说声谢谢!愿大家度过一个美好的语法时光!
虞其君
2010年7月9日
【并列句】
一、并列句的构成:
并列句是由并列连词and,but,or,for,so等把两个或两个以上互不依从,
但意思紧密联系的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构为:简单句+并列连词+简
单句。
二、并列句的分类:
1. 表示同等关系的并列句
这类并列句常用并列连词and连接前后简单句,and常译为“和”、“并且”,也可不译出来。例如:
He likes
playing football and he plays well.
他喜欢踢足球,并且踢得很好。
Last year l
met Kate and we became friends.
去年我和凯特相遇,我们成了朋友。
2. 表示转折关系的并列句
这类并列句常用并列连词but(但是),yet(可是),while(而,另一方面),
however(可是)等连接前后简单句,but常译为“但是”,“可是”,切不可与从属
连词though或although一起使用。例如:
It has no mouth, but it can
talk.
它没有嘴巴,但是它会说话。
School is over, yet all the
teachers are still working.
学校放学了,可是老师们仍然在工作。
He wants to be a writer, while
I want to be a scientist.
他想当作家,而我则想当科学家。
It's raining hard, however, we
must go out.
雨下得很大,然而我们必须出去。
3.
表示选择关系的并列句
这类并列句常用并列连词or(或者,否则)等连接前后简单句。
or有两重含义:
(1)译为“或者”,表示选择。例如:
Now you can have a rest or you
can go to the cinema.
现在你可以休息,或者去看电影。
(2)译为“否则”、“要不然”,表示条件。例如:
You must tell the truth,or you
will be punished.
你必须说真话,否则你将会受到惩罚。
4.
表示因果关系的并列句
这类并列句常用并列连词for,so等连接前后简单句。
(1)for在意义上与从属连词because,since和as相同,但它们引导的是原因状
语从句,而for则连接两简单句,前者表示结果,后者表示原因。其结构为:简单
句(结果)+for+简单句(原因)。
例如:He has
many good friends, for he is an honest man。他有许多
好朋友,因为他是个诚实的男子汉。
(2)so意为“因此”、“所以”,但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。
因为because是从属连词,而是并列连词,用来连接并列句。其结构为:简单句(原因)
+so牛简单句(结果)。例如:
Mr. Li went
to his hometown, so Mr. Wang was taking his
class
instead.
李老师回家乡去了,所以王老师替二课。
5.
其他形式的并列句
(1)“祈使句+and+简单句”。其中祈使句表示一个条件,并列连词and引导的简单句则表示一个较好的结果,谓语常用一般将来时。例如:
Use your head, and you will
find away.
动脑筋,你就会想出办法来。
(2)“祈使句+or+简单句”。祈使句表示一个条件,并列连词or后的简单句则表示一个不愉快或不理想的结果。例如:
Study hard, or you Will fall
behind the others.
努力学习,否则你就会落于别人。
(3)“either...or”结构表示“不是……就是……”,“或者……或者……”,例如:
Either my uncle can do it, or
my aunt can do it.
我叔叔可以做那件事,或者我婶婶也可以做。
习惯上将两个句子合并成Either my uncle or
my aunt can do it.
(4) “not only…but
also”意思为“不仅……而且……”,例如:
not only the students have
missed the school car, but also
the
teacher has
missed the school car.
不仅学生,而且他们的老师都误了校车。
(5)
“neither…nor…”结构,意为“既不……也不……”,“两者都不……”,用法与either …or…,not only …but
also…相同。
三、使用并列句要注意的几种情况
1. 并列句有时可不用连词,而用分号隔开(前后句之间的关系须相当紧密)。例如:
We fished all day; we didn\'t
catch a fish.
我们钓了一天的鱼,一条鱼也没钓到。
2.
并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分,则相同的部分常可省略。例如:
My father works in a factory
and my mother in a school.
我父亲在工厂工作,母亲在学校工作。
3. 由so, nor,
neither连接的并列句,后一简单句为避免重复,其成份常倒装并省略一些。例如:
He is not a student, nor am
I.
他不是学生,我也不是。
Beibei can swim, so can
I.
贝贝会游泳,我也会。
【反意疑问句】
◇注意:
反意疑问句前后两部分谓语应是,“肯定陈述+否定疑问”或“否定陈述+肯定疑问”
简略问句如果是否定式,not应与be,do,will等系动词、助动词、情态动词缩写
简略问句的主语不用名词,应用人称代词
当说话者的目的不在疑问,而是为了加强语气时,用降调
当说话者的目的在疑问,则用升调
陈述部分含“too...to”时,是否定句
1) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用 aren't
I.
I'm as tall as your
sister,aren't I?
(我和你姐姐一样高,对吗?)
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may
+主语。
I wish to have a word with
you, may I?
(我希望可以和你说话,可以吗?)
3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody,
never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。
The Swede made no answer, did
he / she?
Some plants never blown (开花),
do they ?
4) 含有ought to
的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。正式文体用should/ought
+主语+not形式。
He ought to know what to do,
oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to +
v.),疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。
We have to get there at eight
tomorrow, don't we?
6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to
时,疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures
there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7) 陈述部分有had better + v.
疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by
yourself, hadn't you?
8) 陈述部分有would rather
+v.,疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
He would rather read it ten
times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v.
疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
You'd like to go with me,
wouldn't you?
10) 陈述部分有must
的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
A.must表示“应该”,其疑问部分用mustn't(不应该),如:
You must work hard next term,
mustn't you ? 下学期你应该努力学习,对吗?
B.must表示“必须”,其疑问部分用needn't(不必),如:
They must finish the work
today, needn’t they? 他们今天必须要完成这项工作,是吗?
C.陈述部分含情态动词mustn't,表示禁止时,疑问部分就可以用must或may,如:
You mustn’t stop your car
here, must you? (may we?)你不能把车停在这地方,知道吗?
D.must表示推测 ,其疑问部分必须与must
后面的主要动词相呼应。如:
①对现在动作或存在的情况的推测 :
You must know the answer to
the exercise, don't you? 你一定知道这项练习的答案,是不是?
That must be your bed, isn't
it? 那一定是你的床,是吗?
②对过去发生的动作或存在的情况的推测:
a 表示肯定推测
(一)句中陈述部分没有表示过去的时间状语,这时疑问部分中的动词就用
现在完成时。(haven’t / hasn’t +
主语)
You must have told her about
it, haven’t you? 你一定把这事告诉她了,是吗?
(二)陈述部分有表示过去的时间状语,疑问部分的动词就用
一般过去时。(didn’t + 主语)
She must have read the novel
last week, didn’t she? 她上星期一定读了这本小说了,是吗?
b 表示否定推测
表示推测时,否定式通常不是must not,而是can't
(cannot).如:
He can't have been to your
home; he doesn't know your address, does he?
他不可能去过你家;他不知道你的地址,是不是?
11) 感叹句中,疑问部分用be +主语。
What colours, aren't
they?
What a smell, isn't it?
12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either…
or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer,
are we?
13)
陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
Everything is ready, isn't
it?
14) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句
a.
并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing
for several times, and he should have been in China now, shouldn't
he?
b.
带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定:
He is not the man who gave us
a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit
Japan, didn't he?
c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe,
expect, suppose, imagine等引导的宾语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
I don't think he is bright, is
he?
We believe she can do it
better, can't she?
但此时主语必须是第一人称
如果不是则不能否定从句
如 He thought they were
wrong,didn't he?
而不能说weren't they?
15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody,
anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he.
Everyone knows the answer,
don't they? (doesn't he?)
Nobody knows about it, do
they? (does he?)
16)
带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
We need not do it again, need
we ?
He dare not say so, dare
you/he?
当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do
+ 主语。
She doesn't dare to go home
alone, does she?
17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will
you。
Don't do that again, will
you?
Go with me, will you / won't
you ?
注意: Let's 开头的祈使句,后用shall
we(或用shan't we) ?
Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will
you(或won't you)?
Let's go and listen to the
music, shall we(或用shan't we)?
Let us wait for you in the
reading-room, will you (或won't you)?
18) 陈述部分是"there
be"结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
There is something wrong with
your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble,
will there?
19)
否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't
it?
He is not unkind to his
classmates, is he?
20)当主句是由so引起的一个句子,而且译为“这么说来”时,疑问部分的谓语形式(肯定或否定)应与主句保持一致。
So you have seen the film,
have you?
So he has not been to Beijing
,hasn't he?
『补:Let's和Let us的区别』
◇1.Let's是Let
us的缩写。包括说话人和听话人双方在内,含有催促、建议或请对方一起行动的意思。在听话人表示赞同建议时可只用Let's.如:
---Shall we go by train?
---Yes,let's.
◇2.当请求对方允许自己(第一人称复数)做某事时,要用Let
us,这里的 us 不包括听话对方在内,不能缩写为Let's.
如两个同学对老师说:
Please let us remove the
bookshelf for you.
让我俩给你移动一下书架。
◇3.两者在构成附加疑问句时,方法不同。如:
Let's go to see the film,shall
we ?
咱们去看电影,好吗?
Let us go to see the film,will
you?
让我们去看电影,好吗?
(仅供参考,谢谢您的光临!)
本资料由Paul提供,谢谢.
虞其君
2010年7月11日
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