12. Old English ure and urum changed to one word Middle English oure and became Modern English our, this process can be most probably classified as ______.

       A. loss of inflections                                  B. process of simplification

       C. change in “agreement” rude                  D. process in negation rule

13. The language produced by second language learners is technically called ______, which is also called leaner language.

       A. interlanguage                                    B. foreign language

       C. first language                          D. second language

14. Which description of componential analysis for the word “woman” is right?

       A. +human, —adult, —male                     B. +human, +adult, —male

       C. +human, +adult, +male                D. +human, —adult, +male

15. The publication of Saussure’s work Course in general Linguistics marked the beginning of ______.

       A. the modern grammar                         B. the pragmatics

       C. the modern linguistics                  D. the semantics

16. The same word has the same ______ meaning to all the speakers of the same language.

       A. conceptual                                  B. lexical

       C. affective                           D. associative

17. Language has the feature of ______ in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.

       A. duality                                     B. productivity

       C. displacement                              D. interchangeability

18. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree centigrade.” is ______.

       A. interrogative                              B. directive

       C. informative                          D. performative

19. In the following statements about motivation, which one is NOT true?

       A. It is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive.

B. It has a strong impact on a learner’s efforts in learning a second language.

       C. It plays an important role in learner’s use of learning strategies.

D. It occurs only when learners learn a second language for external purpose.

20. Which of the following does NOT constitute the reason for regional dialect?

       A. Geographical barrier.

B. Loyalty to one’s native speech.

       C. The existence of. standard dialect.

D. Physical and psychological resistance to change.

12. B) 古英语中的ure和urum在中世纪英语中变成了一个词oure，在现代英语中变成了our，这个过程可以被归类为什么？本题考查语言变化方面的知识。在简化过程（process of simplification）中可能一些语法区别性特征（grammatical distinctions）会消失。比如，古英语有区别“格（case）”和“社会性别（gender）”。许多“格”和“性别”这样的区别性特征在中世纪时消失了。例如：ure/urum（old English）→oure（Middle English）→our（Modern English）。

13. A) 在学术上，二语习得者所产出的第二语言被称为什么？它也被称作学习者用语言。本题考查第二语言习得方面的知识。二语习得者一般无法获得以目标语为母语的人那样的能力。二语学习者所产出的第二语言称为中介语（interlanguage），也叫学习者语言（leaner language）。

14. B) 下面四个选项中，哪个对于“woman”一词正确的成分分析描述是正确的？本题考查语义学方面的知识。语言成分分析是研究“概念上的”词汇—语义关系的尝试，，其基本特点是所有实词的意义都可以分成一些“语义成分”。这种语义成分也可称作语义特征。

15. C) 索绪尔所著的《普通语言学教程》标志着什么的开端？本题考查语言学概念。索绪尔（Saussure）所著的《普通语言学教程》（Course in general Linguistic）标志着现代语言学的开端。

16. A) 对于同一语言的所有使用者来说，同一个单词的什么意义是一样的？本题考查语义学概念。同一个单词概念上的意义对于该语言的所有使用者而言都是一样的。

17. B) 语言的哪种特点指的是使用者能够理解并创造出他们从来没有听说过的句子？本题考查语言学概念。语言的多产性（productivity）可以保证人们能够创造出大量的句子，包括以前从来没有听说过的句子。