加载中…胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结
(2009-05-11 10:03:55)
标签：
杂谈 |
101.
language comprehension: one of the three strand
of psycholinguistic research,which studies the understanding of
language.
102. language production: a
goal-directed activety,in the sense that people speak and write in
orde to make friends,influence people,convey information and so
on.
103. language production: a
goal-directed activity,in the sense that people speak and write in
order to make friends,influence people,concey information and so
on.
104. lexical
ambiguity:ambiguity explained by reference to lexical
meanings:e.g.that of I saw a bat,where a bat might refer to an
animal or,among others,stable tennis bat.
105. macroproposition:general
propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the
story.
106. modular:which a assumes
that the mind is structuied into separate modules or
components,each governed by its own principles and operating
independently of others.
107. parsing:the task of
assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate
accidents,traditionally e.g.to pupils learning lat in
grammar.
108. propositions:whatever is
seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a statement.It is a
property of propositions that they have truth values.
109. psycholinguistics: is
concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of
linguistic structure.Psycholinguistics can be divided into
cognitive psycholing uistics(being concerned above all with making
inferences about the content of human mind,and experimental
psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow whth empirical
matters,such as speed of response to a particular word).
110. psycholinguistic reality:
the reality of grammar,etc.as a purported account of structures
represented in the mind of a speaker.Often opposed,in discussion of
the merits of alternative grammars,to criteria of
simplicity,elegance,and internal consistency.
111. schemata in text: packets
of stored knowledge in language processing.
112. story structure: the way
in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.
113. writing process: a series
of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing
developmeng.
114. communicative competence:
a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of
rules,conventions,etc.governing the skilled use of language in a
society.Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsley’s
concept of competence,in the restricted sense of knowledge of a
grammar.
115. gender difference: a
difference in a speech between men and women is”genden
difference”
116. linguistic determinism:
one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,i.e.language
determines thought.
117. linguistic relativity: one
of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis,i.e.there’s no limit to
the structural diversity of languages.
118. linguistic sexism:many
differences between me and women in language use are brought about
by nothing less than women’s place in society.
119. sociolinguistics of
language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we
want to look at structural things by paying attention to language
use in a social context.
120. sociolinguistics of
society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try
to understand sociological things of society by examining
linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.
121. variationist linguistics:
a branch of linguistics,which studies the relationship between
speakers’social starts and phonological variations.
122. performative: an utterance
by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed to a
constative,by which makes a statement which may be true or
false.
123. constative: an utterance
by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or
false.
124. locutionary act: the act
of saying something;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by
means of syntax,lexicon,and phonology.Namely.,the utterance of a
sentence with determinate sense and reference.
125. illocutionary act: the act
performed in saying something;its force is identical with the
speaker’s intention.
126. perlocutionary act: the
act performed by or resulting from saying something,it’s the
consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.
127. conversational
implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal
utterances,underatandable to the listener only when he shares the
speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally
one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.
128. entailment:relation
between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the
other:e.g.”Mary is running”entails,among other things,”Mary is not
standing still”.
129. ostensive communication: a
complete characterization of communication is that it is
ostensive-infer-ential.
130. communicative principle of
relevance:every act of ostensive communication communicates the
presumption of its own optimal relevance.
131. relevance: a property that
any utterance,or a proposition that it communicates,must,in the
nature of communication,necessarily have.
132. Q-principle: one of the
two principles in Horn’s scale,i.e.Make your contribution necessary
(G.Relation,Quantity2,Manner);Say no more than you must(given
Q).
133. division of pragmatic
labour: the use of a marked crelatively complex and/or expression
when a corresponding unmarkeda(simpler,less”effortful”)alternate
expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a
marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or
could not have conveyed).
134. constraints on Horn
scales:the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in
the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able
to..
135. third-person narrator: of
the narrator is not a character in the fictional world,he or she is
usually called a third –person narrator.
136. I-narrator: the person who
tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of
the story,relating the story after the event.
137. direct speech: a kind of
speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest
form.
138. indirect speech: a kind of
speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest
form.
139. indirect speech: a kind of
speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.
140. narrator’s repreaentation
of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part
of passage can be seen as a summery of a longer piece of
discourse,and therefore even more backgruonded than indirect speech
representation would be.
141. narrator”srepresentation
of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to
represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that
used to present speech acts.For example,,she considered his
unpunctuality.
142. indirect thought: a kind
of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their
characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For
example,she thought that he woule be late.
143. fee indirect speech: a
further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct
speech and indirect speech features.
144. narrator’s representation
of thought acts:a kind of the categories used by novelists to
present the thoughts of therir characters are exactly the same as
those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day
thinking.
145. indirect thought: a kind
of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their
characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For
example,she thought that he would be late.
146. fee indirect speech: a
further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct
speech and indirect speech features.
147. narrator”s representation
of thought: the categories used by novelists to present the
thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to
represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.
148. free indirect thought: the
categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their
characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a
speech,e.g.He was bound to be late.
149. direct thought: categories
used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are
exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..
150. computer system: the
machine itself together with a keyboard,printer,screen,disk
drives,programs,etc.
151. computer literacy: those
people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of
computers and computer software.
152. computer linguistics: a
branch of applied liguistics,dealing with computer processing of
human language.
153. Call: computer-assisted
language learning(call),refers to the use of a computer in the
teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.
154. programnded instruction:
the use of computers to monitor student progress,to direct students
into appropriate lessons,material,etc.
155. local area network: are
computers linked together by cables in a classroom,lab,or
building.They offer teachers a novel approach for creating new
activities for students that provide more time and experience with
target language.
156. CD-ROM: computer disk-read
only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored on one
disk with quich access to the information.Students and teachers can
access information quickly and efficiently for use in and out of
the classroom.
157. machine translation:
refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts
from one language to another.
158. concordance: the use of
computer to search for a particular word,sequence of words.or
perhaps even a part of speech in a text.The computer can also
receive all examples of a particular word,usually in a
context,which is a further aid to the linguist.It can also
calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that information
on the frequency of the word may be gathered.
159. annotation: if corpora is
said to be unannotated-it appears in its existing raw state of
plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various
type of linguistic information,
160. annotation: if corpora is
said to be unannotated—it appears in its existing raw state of
plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various
type of linguistic information.
161. informational retri:
the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately,applied to the
type of actrvity discussed in this volume.An information retri
system does not infor(i.e.change the knowledge of)the user on the
subject of his inquiry.it merely informs on the existence(or
non-existence)and whereabouts of documents relating to his
request.
162. document representative:
information structure is concerned with exploiting
relationships,between documents to improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of retri strategies.It covers specifically a
logical organization of information,such as document
representatives,for the purpose of information retri.
163. precision: the proportion
of retri documents which are relevant.
164. recall: the proportion of
retri documents which are relevant.
165. applied linguistics:
applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language
learning and teaching,and other areas such as translation,the
compiling of dictionaries,etc
166. communicative competence:
as defined by Hymes,the knowledge and ability involved in putting
language to communicative use.
167. syllabus:the planning of
course of instruction.It is a description of the cousr
content,teaching procedures and learning experiences.
168. interlanguage:the type of
language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are
still in the process of learning a language,i.e.the language system
between the target language and the learner’s native
language.
169. transfer: the influence of
mother tongue upon the second language.When structures of the two
languages are similar,we can get positive transfer of
facilitation;when the two languages are different in
structures,negative transfer of inference occurs and result in
errors.
170. validity: the degree to
which a test meansures what it is meant to measure.There are four
kinds of validity,i.e.content validity,construct validity,empirical
valiodity,and face validity.
171. rebiability: can be
defined as consistency.There are two kinds of
reliability,i.e.stability reliability,and equiralence
reliability.
172. hypercorrection: overuse
of a standard linguistic features,in terms of both
frequency,i.e.overpassing the speakers of higher social status,and
overshooting the target,i.e.extending the use of a form
inalinguistic environment where it is not expected to occur,For
example,pronouncing ideas as[ai’dier],extending pronouncing
post-vocalic/r/ in an envorienment where it’s not supposed to
occur.
173. discrete point test: a
kind of test in which language structures or skills are further
divided into individual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.
174. integrative test: a kind
of test in which language structures or skills are further divided
into individual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
喜欢
0
赠金笔
前一篇：胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结
后一篇：Excel中冻结窗格