英语阅读理解之篇章结构题

篇章结构题的主要解题策略常有：　

(1)了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构(总→分；总→分→总；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反)。

(2)了解文章的写作手法 在高考阅读理解中主要考查下定义(definition)、分类说明(classification)、列举例证(listing examples)和对比(making comparison，contrast),过程，程序（process）等写作手法。其中， “引用”（quote，quotation）和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一，是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好地达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。

（3）了解文章的体裁

1. 说明性体裁Description.（描述）Explanation（解释）discussion（讨论）

说明性体裁结构的文章目的在于传播信息，表达方式以事实为主，观点为辅，细节详细（包括人物、地点、时间、情景、特点等）。阅读时要尽量记忆文章所介绍的各条信息，可以根据内容进行分析，提纲挈领地记住短文的中心思想，也可以运用想象力设想所介绍的事物或情景的各个方面。  

2. 议论性体裁

a. 现象解释类：现象（phenomenon）→分析（analysis）→结论（conclusion），

             或现象（phenomenon）→结论（conclusion）→分析（analysis）

b.观点论证类：提出观点——分析观点——重申观点

Put forward a question →Analyze the question → Solve the question 即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；

Argument/Idea/opinion → Evidence → Conclusion/ Restating the idea 即“由论点到论据到结论/强调论点”的过程。

这是论说文常用的一种结构模式。这类文章往往有个结论，或放在开头，或放在结尾，余者为数据、科学观察、实验结果和引用权威等事实论据。  

c. 匹配对比类：分别阐述两种观点——得出结论   

matching类型文章结构模式是：两种论点概述——一种论点——另一种论点；或者是现象——一种事物——另一种事物——得出结论。

常见的段落结构有如下几种情况：

①          ①              ①             ①    

 

 

②         ②   ③        ② ③ ④

      ④        ④

    ③   

      ⑤          ⑤            ⑤           ②③④⑤

      图1        图2          图3               图4

图1表明：①(Paragraph 1)是主题段(提出论题或论点)，②、③段是就同一论据或者问题的同一方面作论述，④用另一论据材料或者从问题的另一方面论述，⑤段是结论段或者是用来重述论题、强调论点的段落。同样我们很容易理解图2、3、4所示的段落结构的意义

1．确定指代关系。最常见的提问方式是：

The underlined word “they/it/…” in paragraph… refers to… …

2．对句子意义或作用的理解。最常见的提问方式是：

The sentence “… …” in paragraph … means ….;

The example of … … in para….is used to illustrate/show … ….

3．对段落大意或段落作用的理解。最常见的提问方式是：

The last paragraph mainly tell us that … …;

The purpose of writing Paragraph … is …. ….

4．文章组织结构的理解。最常见的提问方式是：

How is the passage organized/developed?；

Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?      
The author develops the passage mainly by….

A．Topic—Argument—Explanation A Topic---argument----description　

D．Topic ----argument----conclusionB．Opinion—Discussion—Description B．Opinion—discussion---explanationC．Main idea—Comparison—Supporting examples

D．Introduction—Supporting examples—Conclusion 

（1）（05 浙江卷 C 篇）

In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.

First of all, the job made huge demands on my strength. For ten hours a night, I took boxes that rolled down a metal track and piled them onto a truck. Each box contained twelve heavy bottles of apple juice. I once figured out that I was lifting an average of twelve tons of apple juice every night.

I would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay had not been so poor. I was paid the lowest wage of that time—two dollars an hour. Because of the low pay, I felt eager to get as much as possible. I usually worked twelve hours a night but did not take home much more than $ 100 a week.

But even more than the low pay, what made me unhappy was the working conditions. During work I was limited to two ten-minute breaks and an unpaid half hour for lunch. Most of my time was spent outside loading trucks with those heavy boxes in near-zero-degree temperatures. The steel floors of the trucks were like ice, which made my feet feel like stone. And after the production line shut down at night and most people left, I had to spend two hours alone cleaning the floor.

I stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again.

52．How is the text organized?

A．Topic—Argument—Explanation  B．Opinion—Discussion—Description

C．Main idea—Comparison—Supporting examples

D．Introduction—Supporting examples—Conclusion 

（2）（05 浙江卷 D 篇）

Supermarkets are trying out new computers that make shopping carts more intelligent(具备智能的)．They will help shoppers find paper cups or toilet soap, and keep a record of the bill.

53．The underlined word “they” (paragraph 1) refers to ______.

A．supermarkets    B．shop assistants    C．shopping carts     D．shop managers

（3）

I receive a lot of emails every time a column is published in 21st Century. The majority of questions I get are like this: “My English is still very poor, could you please give me some advice?” Since this kind of question is so big and so vague, any answers will be too broad or too general. In fact, asking questions is an art that needs training and practice in itself. And I would like to offer the following tips:

Always contextualize your question. If you really want to ask for advice on something, you need to provide a brief description of how you came up with the question and how you can benefit from asking it. For instance, if you need to improve your English, you need to state the skill area you are in the greatest need of improving, and what difficulties you encounter that cause you so many problems

　　The second piece of advice is that your question should be focused and specific. By that I mean that you might have a lot of questions, but choose the one that is most important and at the same time the least complicated.

　　Third, you can practise asking one question in multiple ways. For instance, if you are interested in knowing how you can boost your confidence in speaking, you might consider asking: “I often feel nervous before I ask a question, how can I overcome my anxiety?” “Could you share with me your experience of speaking in front of others?”

　　Of course, the best way to ask good questions is through the practice of questioning. I highly encourage you to seek opportunities to ask questions. It takes time to be a really good questioner.

How is the text organized?

A．Topic---argument----description　　B．Opinion—discussion---explanation

C．Main idea---comparison--- supporting examples D．Topic ----argument----conclusion  　　

（4）

    Being able to multitask—doing several things at the same time—is considered a welcome skill by most people. But if we consider the situation of the young people aged from eight to eighteen, we should think again.

    What we often see nowadays is that young people juggle an ever larger number of electronic devices(电子产品)as they study. While working, they also surf on the Internet, send out emails, answer the telephone and listen to music on their iPods. In a sense, they are spending a significant amount of time in fruitless efforts as they multitask.

    Multitasking is even changing the relationship between family members. As young people give so much attention to their own worlds, they seem to have no time to spend with the other people around them. They can no longer greet family members when they enter the house, nor can they eat at the family table.

    Multitasking also affects young people’s performance at university and in the workplace. When asked about their opinion of the effect of modern gadgets(器具)on their performance of tasks, many young people gave a positive response(反应). However, the response from the worlds of education and business was not quite as positive. Educators feel that multitasking by children has a serious effect on later development of study skills. They believe that many college students now need help to improve their study skills. Similarly, employers feel that young people entering the job market need to be taught all over again, as modern gadgets have made it unnecessary for them to learn special skills to do their work.

64.What does the underlined word “juggle” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? 

 A Want to buy   B Take the place of.  

C Use at the same time  D Seek for information from.

65.In Paragraph 3, the author points out that _____. 

 A family members do not eat at the family table 

 B family member do not greet each other 

 C young people live happily in their families 

 D young people seldom talk with their family members 

66.What is the main idea of the last paragraph? 

 A Multitasking is harmful to young people’s development. 

 B Young people benefit a lot from modern gadgets 

 C Multitasking is an important skill to young people. 

 D Young people must learn skills for future jobs. 

67.The author develops the passage mainly by _____. 

 A providing typical examples    B following the natural time order 

 C comparing opinions from different fields  D presenting a cause and analyzing its effects

（5）

 SHANGHAI：

    If you receive a phone call from the “telecommunications department”, “the bank” or even“ the police” telling you that your bank account has been hacked and you should transfer all your money to a safer account, beware （小心）—it is just another way for fraudsters（骗子） to rob you of all your hard earned money．

Between September and November, the city’s police received reports of more than 500 such telephone frauds, which duped various unassuming residents of over 20 million yuan ($2.9 million).

A woman surnamed Xu had no idea she’d be left penniless when she received a phone call from a man claiming to be from the "China Construction Bank" in September, saying someone had gained her personal information and was likely to withdraw money from her account.

The swindler（骗子） convinced Xu to transfer all her life savings to a "safer account", which he had procured for her.

Within minutes, Xu transferred 845,700 yuan to the swindler’s account, making it the biggest individual loss this year, a police officer said. As soon as the transaction was complete, the account, obtained on a fake ID, was closed and the money gone, he said.

In another case, a woman surnamed Wang received a call from a person claiming to be from the "telecommunication department", saying she had run up a huge bill for making international calls.　　

As Wang tried desperately to explain she had never made any international calls, she was told she had probably fallen victim to a fraud and the phone line was "transferred to the police".

The "police officer" then told Wang someone had stolen her identification information to open an account for money laundering. Like Xu, she was told to transfer her money to a "safer account".

Wang lost 130,000 yuan with that transaction.　　

In December alone, the local police have come across 159 cases of telephone cases involving more than 3.8 million yuan.　　

The local public security department has called on all residents to stay alert.　　

"With the Spring Festival approaching, the number of financial fraud cases has increased," Hua Wei, a spokesman of Shanghai public security bureau said. "Most of the victims are middle-aged and elderly," he added.　　

Police said fraudsters often make calls to fixed lines, and their caller-display numbers begin with the numbers "00196", "0000" and "0193", which resemble those of tax authorities, telecoms companies, and public security organizations.　　

Hua warned that people "should not give out any personal information or their bank account details to any stranger, and certainly not over the phone". 60．According to the “passage, the city’s police received about _____ cases of telephone cases from September to December．     A．660    B．159    C．2    D．560
61．In which of the following aspects was Ms．Wang similar to Ms．Xu?
A．Both of them received a phone call from a bank．
B．Both of them had their identification information stolen．
C．Both of them transferred their money to a “safer account” ．
D．Both of them are middle-aged women．
62．How is the text organized?
A．Topic—Argument—Explanation．     B．Opinion—Discussion—Description．
C．Main idea—Comparison—Supporting examples．
D．Introduction—Supporting examples—Conclusion．
63．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?
A．To introduce new means of fraud over the phone．
B．To warn people not to give out personal information．
C．To call on people to look out for telephone frauds．
D．To present statistics on recent cases of frauds．

（6）

It’s 2035. You have a job, a family and you’re about 40 years old. Welcome to your future life.

Getting ready for work, you pause in front of the mirror, “Turn red,” you say. Your shirt changes from sky blue to deep red. Tiny preprogrammed electronic are rearranged in your shirt to change its color. Looking into the mirror, you find it hard to believe that you are 40. You look much younger. With amazing advances in medicine, people in your generation may live to be 150 years old. You’re not even middle-aged.

   As you go into the kitchen and prepare to pour your breakfast cereal into a bowl, you hear: “To lose weight, you shouldn’t eat that,” from your shoes. They read the tiny electronic code on the cereal box to find out the nutrition details. You decide to listen to your shoes. “Kitchen, what can I have for breakfast?” A list of possible foods appear on the counter as kitchen checks its food supplies.

“Ready for your trip to space. You ask your son and daughter.” In 2005 only specially trained astronauts went into space.— and very few of them. Today anyone can go to space for day trips or longer vacation. Your best friend even works in space. Handing your children three strawberries each, you add, “The doctor said you need these for space travel.” Thanks to medical advices, vaccination shots are a thing of the past. Ordinary foods contain specific vaccines. With the berries in their mouths, the kids head for the front door. 

    It’s time for you to go to work. Your car checks your fingerprints and unlocks the doors. “My office. Autopilot,” you command. Your car drives itself down the road and moves smoothly into traffic on the highway. You sit back and unroll your e-newspaper. The latest news downloads and fills the viewer. Looking through the pages, you watch the news as video films rather than read it.

45. What changes the color of your shirt?

A. The mirror.             B. The shirt itself.      C. The counter.  D. The medicine.

46. How do the shoes know that you shouldn’t eat the breakfast cereal?

A. By pouring the breakfast into a bowl.   B. By listening to the doctor’s advice.

C. By testing the food supplies in the kitchen.

D. By checking the nutrition details of the food.

47. The strawberries the children eat serve as ______.

 A. breakfast                    B. lunch               C. vaccines                D. nutrition

48. How is the text organized?

 A. In order of time  B. In order of frequency.

C. In order of preference. D. In order of importance.

(7)

High-tech machines have made life easier for millions around the world. However, some people still prefer low-tech ways of doing things. Here’s an example of why this is happening. You can microwave a frozen hamburger in 60 seconds. However, it won’t taste as good as one you cook on the stove. And if you’re in that much of a hurry, you probably won’t take time to toast the bun. High-tech cooking saves time, but it doesn’t make for better tasting meals.

     Most people get their news from high-tech sources like television or the Internet. This has many advantages. For example, electronic news is more up to date than newspapers or magazines. It’s also more exciting to see live and videotaped news events than photographs. However, newspapers and magazines have some important advantages. They give more background and details. They also let you read the parts that are important to you and skip the rest.

    Other high-tech timesavers have similar disadvantages. For example, most people use the phone or email to stay in touch with friends and family members who live in other places. But when you use the Internet or the phone, you don’t always think carefully about what you are saying, and sometimes you forget the important things you want to communicate. Similarly, when you word process(文书处理) a home work assignment instead of handwriting it, you can check your spelling electronically and put in fancy headings. However, some students are so busy with the computer that they don’t pay enough attention to the actual words they are writing.

72. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

 A. The writer likes high-tech cooking.

 B. Low-tech cooking produces better-tasting meals.

 C. High—tech news programs always keep you reading what is important to you.

 D. Handwritten homework is better than word-processed homework.

73. How does the writer feel about high—tech tools?

   A. Better late than never.                        B. Easy come, easy go.

   C. Every coin has two sides.                    D. Learn to walk before you run.

74. What is the main subject discussed in the text?

 A. High—tech vs. low—tech.   B. Advantages vs. disadvantages.

 C. Newspapers and magazines vs. television and the Internet.

 D. Word—processing vs. handwriting.

75. How is the text organized?

A. Main idea — Argument — Explanation.   B. Opinion — Discussion — Description.

C. Topic — Comparison — Supporting examples.

D. Introduction — Supporting examples — Discussion.