阅读理解之细节理解题之代词指代

要求考生根据语境判断代词(this,  that, it, they, them, one等)或代动词(do，does,  did等)究竟指代什么。题干中通常含有refer to。 此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。考虑单复数确定指代内容很重要。

1.返回原文，找出出题的指代词(it,they,them,this)。   

2.向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子(就近原则)。  

it 指代单数可数名词或不可数名词也可指代一个句子, they/them指代复数名词 one指代单可数名词等, did/do/does指代一个动作。

3.将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺。   

4.将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较，找出最佳答案

［解题方法］1. 准确理解划线部分代词所在的句子的意思。如果不能解决问题，那么还要准确理解该句子前一两个句子的意思。这是把握代词所指代的具体对象的前提。句子不能准确理解，要准确选出代词所指代的对象，可能性是非常小的。

　2. 理解句子后，要将注意力放在划线代词所在句子的前半部分的名词或名词性短语上。如果不能解决问题，则应注意该句子前的一两个句子中的名词或名词性短语。

　3. 如果四个选项中有一个选项或两个选项中的名词或名词性短语在相关句子中没有出现，一般地说，这一两个选项不可能是正确答案。因此，我们在对四个选项进行筛选时，应着重考虑相关句子中出现过的名词或名词性短语。当然，有时四个选项中的名词或名词性短语在相关句子中都出现了，那么我们只能逐一进行筛选。

4. 如果四个选项中均没有出现原文中的名词或名词性短语。那么，我们应推敲该划线代词指代的是原文中的哪个名词或名词性短语。确定后，再看原文中的相关名词或名词性短语与四选项中的哪个选项内容最为贴近。意思最贴近的选项则为正确答案。

5. 将确定的答案替代划线部分的代词，看句子的意思是否通顺，逻辑关系是否成立。

［例1］I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation. I cannot remember anything about it except that it was about a tiger and the tiger had "chairlike teeth"-a good enough expression.（2006四川）

The underlined word "it" in Paragraph 2 refers to_____________.

A. the quantity of serious writing　　B. the writer’s first poem

C. the writer’s childhood　　D. the tiger in the poem

剖析 该句子划线代词前的句子的意思是：我在四五岁时写了第一首诗，那是我母亲抄来让我听写的。我已记不清"它"的有关内容，除了......。相关句子部分中出现的名词或名词性短语有：my first poem，my mother。在四个选项中与my first poem，my mother相联系的只有Ｂ。而该选项中的the writer就是作者本人。将其替代划线的it：I cannot remember anything about my first poem，意思是"我已记不清我写的第一首诗的有关内容"。该句子意思通顺，也符合上下文的逻辑性。故选项Ｂ为正确答案。

［例2］Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this.（2005天津）

What does the underlined word "this" refer to_________.?

A. Great contributions to the society.　　B. Longtime study of the subject matter.

C. Various statements about problem solving.　D. Complete devotion to artistic creation.

剖析:该部分的意思是：许多有创造性的思想家说，他们完全投入到了所研究的课题中，经常要花相当长的时间。的确，如果他们不这样做，倒是件奇怪的事。由于this所在的句子中没有名词或名词性短语，因此我们必须注意该句子前的句子。前面的句子中所出现的名词或名词性短语有：many creative thinkers，the subject matter of the problem，fairly long periods of time。在四个选项中与上述名词性短语最靠近的是选项Ｂ：Longtime与原文中long periods of time意思相近，the subject matter与原文表达完全相同。将选项Ｂ的内容替代this：Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done longtime study of the subject matter。"的确，如果他们不花长时间地研究课题，倒是件奇怪的事。" 该句子意思通顺，也符合上下文的逻辑性。故选项Ｂ为正确答案。

［例3］Another strategy used at some well-known parks such as Disneyland is for top managers to spend at least one day in their work, touring the park dressed as Mickey Mouse or something like that. This provides them with a perfect chance to examine the scene and watch the customers without being noticed.（2007安徽）

What does the word "this" underlined in the last sentence refer to?

A. Visiting Disneyland.　B. Wearing attractive clothes.

C. Acting Mickey Mouse.　D. Dressing up and walking around.　　　

 

 (1)  As a woman, I feel unsafe here. I spend a bomb on taxis because I will not take public transport after 10 p.m. I used to use it, but now I’m afraid. （。。。我花了很多钱坐出租车。或出租车费相当贵。。。）

The underlined part “it” (in Para. 4) refers to ___.

A. a taxi  B. the money  C. a bomb  D. public transport

(2) By the end of the seventeenth century, when newspapers were beginning to be read by more people, printed materials became an important way to promote products and services. The London Gazette was the first newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising. This was so successful that by the end of the century several companies started businesses for the purpose of making newspaper ads for merchants.

What does the word “This” in Paragraph 2 refer to?  A. Advertising in newspapers.  B. Including pictures in ads.  C. Selling goods in markets.  D. Working with ad agencies.

(3)  He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart. Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes. He said it was because of the cigarettes. Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s.

The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refers to the father’s ____.

A. weak heart  B. taking a shore job 

C. failure to return to sea  D. injury caused by a torpedo

(4) Within weeks of the race, Henry Ford formed a new automobile company. In the 1903, a doctor in Detroit bought the first car from the company. That sale was the beginning of Henry Ford’s dream. Ford said: “I will build a motor car for the great mass of people.”

“That sale” in Paragraph 4 refers to ___.

A. the selling of Ford cars at reduced prices B. the sale of Model T to the mass of people

C. the selling of a car to a Detroit doctor     D. the sales target for the Ford Company

（5） There are pressing calls (紧迫的/迫切的号召)on the resources(资源)of the government. Using taxpayers’ money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them.

The underlined word “them” refers to __.

A. taxpayers  B. pressing calls  C. college graduates  D. government resources

(6)   The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces...

“The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions, ” Jack said, “Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.”

What does the underlined word “they” refer to? 

A. The participants (参与者)in the study. B. The researchers of the study. 

C. The errors made during the study.  D. The data collected from the study.

（7）Big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the West. This is not an argument against building them. We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily than we can now.

What does the underlined word “it” in Para. 3 refer to ___.

A. the American East  B. the American West C. the argument  D. the alternative energy

（8） Alcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream and start action on the brain. Absorption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach or when consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice. To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.

The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “ ___”.

A. alcohol   B. absorption  C. blood  D. process

（9） The multi-million pound new Library of Birmingham (LoB) will be the most visible sign of the way the city is accepting the digitalization (数字化) of everyday life...

As digital media is important to its idea，the project is already providing chances for some of the many small new local companies working at the new technologies.

The underline part “its idea” in Paragraph 3 refers to the idea of ___.

A. the equipment  B. the project  C. the digital media   D. the physical library

（10） Here lies the problem for travel writer and food critic (评论家) Edie Jarolim. “I always loved traveling and always liked to eat, but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing both of those things.”

The underlined word “both” in paragraph 2 refers to ____.

A. traveling and working   B. writing and shopping 

C. traveling and eating  D. writing and eating

 

 

1（2011·福建卷）A

Driving a car is not just handling controls and judging speed and distance. It requires you to predict what other road users will do and get ready to react to something unexpected. When alcohol is consumed, it enters your bloodstream and acts as a depressant（抑制药），damaging eyesight, judgment and co-ordination（协调）, slowing down reaction time and greatly increasing the risk of accidents. Even below the drink driving limit, driving will be affected.

Alcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream and start action on the brain. Absorption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach or when consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice. To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.

The present Road Traffic Ordinance states clearly that the limit of alcohol concentration is:

● 50 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of blood; or

● 22 micrograms of alcohol per 100ml of breath; or

● 67 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of urine (尿液).

Drivers who cause traffic accidents, or who commit a moving traffic offence or are being suspected of drink driving will be tested.

Any driver found drinking beyond the limit will be charged. The driver declared guilty may be fined a maximum of HK$25,000 and be sentenced to up to 3 years in prison and punished for 10 driving-offence points; or temporarily banned from driving.

The same punishment applies to failing to provide specimens (样本) for breath, blood or urine tests without good excuse.

Drink driving is a criminal offence. Be a responsible driver, think before you drink. For the safety of yourself and other road users, never drive after consuming alcohol.

56. The first paragraph is mainly about ______.

 A. the introductions of driving skills   B. the damage of drinking to your body

 C. the effect of drinking on driving   D. the process of alcohol being absorbed

57. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “______”.

 A. alcohol     B. absorption  C. blood     D. process

58 Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Drinking below the drink driving limit has no effect on driving.

B. Alcohol is taken in more quickly when drunk with fruit juice.

C. Having a cup of tea helps to get rid of alcohol from the body.

D. 50 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of breath is below the drink driving limit.

59. A driver suspected of drink driving ______.

A. should provide specimens for testing   B. will be forbidden to drive for 3years

C. will be punished for 10 driving-offence points  

D. should pay a maximum fine of HK＄25,000