虚拟语气的用法总结

1．虚拟语气表达一种非真实的或不可能实现的情况，它是由谓语动词的形式来体现的。

   If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will play football.（明天是有可能不下雨的）

   If it didn’t rain tomorrow, we would play football.（已知明天肯定下雨）

2．虚拟语气主要分为三种类型：过去时态推移，(should) do虚拟和祝福语。

第一类型：过去时态推移

一、这一类型的虚拟语气可用于if引导的条件状语从句。

条件状语从句虚拟语气的三种基本形式

	从句谓语动词	主句谓语动词
与现在相反	一般过去时/were	would/could/should/might do
与过去相反	过去完成时	would/could/should/might have done
与将来相反	一般过去时	would/could/should/might do

注：①从句中的be动词在正式场合下用were，但在口语中有时也用was；

    ②主句中的should通常只用于第一人称，其它的词不受人称限制；

    ③与过去相反时，从句中可以用could have done代替过去完成时；★

      If you had told me about your plan, I would have discouraged you.

     =If you _____________me about your plan, I would have discouraged you.

    ④与将来相反时，从句中可以用should do, were to do代替一般过去时；★

      If he came tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.

     =If he ___________ tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.

     =If he ___________ tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.

    ⑤如果从句中出现should, were, had,可将它们提到开头，构成省略if的倒装句。★

      If you were to pass the next exam, I would buy you a gift.

     =____________ pass the next exam, I would buy you a gift.

      If you had told me earlier, I would not have the problem now.

     =____________ me earlier, I would not have the problem now.

      If he should apologize to you, would you forgive him?

     =____________to you, would you forgive him?

    ⑥有时主句和从句所指的时间不一致，这叫混合虚拟语气，它要求主句和从句的时态各自根据实际的时间确定。★

      如果Tom明天要来我家（与将来相反），我早就应该知道了（与过去相反）。

      If Tom ___________ (come) to my home tomorrow, I ____________ (hear) about it.

      你要是听了我的建议（与过去相反），现在就不会遇那么多麻烦了（与现在相反）。

      If you ________ (follow) my advice, now you _________ (not meet) so much trouble.

      你要是去年没有违反校规（与过去相反），下个月你就可以毕业了（与将来相反）。

      If you ______ (not break) the school rules, you _________ (leave) school next month.

⑦有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句来表达，而是隐含在某些短语或连词的后面，这叫含蓄虚拟语气。这样的词有with, without, but for, otherwise/or, given等等。

  1. With more money, I ________ (help) more people in need.

  2. Without your help at those difficult times, I _________ (not succeed) anyway.

  3. But for your advice beforehand, I ____________ (lose) the game.

  4. I’m too busy now, otherwise/or I _________ (go) shopping with you.

  5. Given one more chance, I __________(not make) this choice.

练习A：套用条件状语从句虚拟语气的三种基本形式，完成下列六个句子

1．  如果我再年轻十岁，我才不会请帮忙呢。

If I __________________ , I __________________ him for help.

2．  如果他是我儿子，我一定会给他严惩。

If he ____________ my son, I ________________ him a severe punishment.

3．  如果我那时放弃篮球，我一定会有一个很不一样的未来。

If I ___________ at that point, I _______________ a very different future.

4．  如果那天是星期天，我就不会错过这场球赛了。

If that day ____________ Sunday, I ___________________ the football game.

5．  如果他明天开生日晚会，我们就没时间给他买礼物了。

If he _____________ his birthday party, we _____________ no time to buy him gifts.

6．  如果他明天准时到，那么太阳要从西面出来了。

If he _____________ on time tomorrow, the sun _________________ in the west.

练习B：将第2~6句改为倒装句

2. _____________________, I would give him a severe punishment.

3. _____________________, I would have had a different future.

4. _____________________, I wouldn’t have missed the football game.

5. _____________________, we would have no time to buy him gifts.

6. _____________________, the sun would rise in the west.

练习C：用混合虚拟语气，翻译下列两个句子。

1．如果明天球赛有现场转播，Tom早就告诉我了。

   If the match _______________________ tomorrow, Tom _________________ ages ago.

2．你要是当初嫁给他，现在就可以高枕无忧了。

   If you ________________ then, you ____________________now.

二、这一类型的虚拟语气可以用于I wish 宾语从句。

I wish宾语从句虚拟语气的三种基本形式

	从句谓语动词	句例
与现在相反	一般过去时/were	I wish I had much money now. I wish I were rich,
与过去相反	过去完成时	I wish I had accepted your advice at that point.
与将来相反	过去将来时	I wish I would have a future like Yao Ming.

我真希望我将马上见到你。I wish I ________________________________.

我真后悔当时没告诉你实情。I wish I ______________________________.

我真希望现在他在我身边。I wish he ________________________.

我真希望自己知道应该怎么办。I wish I __________________________.

三、这一类型的虚拟语气可以用于as if/as though 方式状语从句。

as if/as though方式状语从句虚拟语气的三种基本形式

	从句谓语动词	句例
与现在相反	一般过去时/were	He always behaves as if he never had enough sleep.
与过去相反	过去完成时	The injured man got up as if nothing had happened.
与将来相反	过去将来时	He talks as if his words would never end.

注：有时as if/as though方式状语从句可不用虚拟语气，表示这可能就是个事实。

    He seems as if he is drunk. (他好象真的喝醉了)

    He seems as if he were drunk. (他就象喝醉了一样，其实根本没醉)

练习：用虚拟语气翻译句子

1．  她经常自我炫耀，仿佛自己是世界上最好的老师。

She often shows herself off as if she ___________________________.

2．  他只关注篮球，好象明天他就是姚明一样。

He only focuses on basketball as though he ___________Yao Ming tomorrow.

3．  他对这个故事做了生动的描述，仿佛这件事就发生在他身上一样。

He gave a vivid description of this story as if it _____________.

四、这一类型的虚拟语气可以用于if only……句型，表示要是……就好了。

If only……句型虚拟语气的三种基本形式

	谓语动词	句例
与现在相反	一般过去时/were	If only I were you! If only he worked a little harder!
与过去相反	过去完成时	If only you had taken my advice!
与将来相反	过去将来时	If only I would take part in the Beijing Olympics!

  要是我住在那儿就好了！If only I _________________!

  他要是昨天来我的生日晚会就好了！If only he _________________yesterday!

  他要是明天不去日本出差就好了！If only he ___________________ to Japan!

五、这一类型的虚拟语气可以用于I would rather……，表示我宁愿……。

I would rather……句型虚拟语气的三种基本形式

	谓语动词	句例
与现在相反	一般过去时/were	I would rather you stayed at home now.
与过去相反	过去完成时	I would rather you hadn’t told him the truth that day.
与将来相反	一般过去时	I would rather you didn’t go for the game tomorrow.

  我宁可失去这个机会。I would rather I _____________________.

  我宁愿你昨天输掉这场比赛。I would rather you ________________________ yesterday.

六、这一类型的虚拟语气可以用于一些固定结构，表达批评，责备和后悔语气。

结构	功能	句例
could/may/might have done	本可以/本能够… （委婉批评）	You are late again. You could have come earlier. You might have been a little bit more careful.
should/ought to have done	本应该…… （强烈责备）	It’s your fault. You should have apologized to him. He should have done it better, but he didn’t it.
needn’t have done	本没必要…… （轻微抱怨）	It’s so near. We needn’t have taken a taxi.  You needn’t have worried about that. It’s no use.
would rather have done	本想要…… （后悔没做）	I would rather have invited you to our wedding. I would rather have called you, but I forgot.

他本可以把他的烦恼告诉我们。He _____________________.

你本应该得满分的。You ___________________________.

她本没必要出国留学。She ___________________________.

我本想向你承认错误的。I ____________________________.

七、这一类型的虚拟语气可以用于It’s (high/about) time that…，表示正是做…的时候了。

在这一句型中，通常用一般过去时表达即将要做的动作。

It’s time we _______ (go) to bed.

It’s high time we ________ (take) measures to stop air pollution.

这种句型也可以用should do表达即将进行的动作，但should不可省略。

第二类型：（should）do虚拟

1．这种类型的虚拟语气主要应用于各类名词性从句中。

   她要求所有作业最迟在第二天上午交齐。

   She required that all the homework ________ (be) handed in by next morning.

   It was required by her that all the homework _________ (be) handed in by next morning.

   Her requirement was that all the homework _________ (be) handed in by next morning.

   This was her requirement that all the homework _________ (be) handed in by next morning.

2．这种类型的虚拟语气往往和表建议、命令、要求语气的动词连用。

   We suggested that he _______(stay) with his parents.

   It was advised at the meeting that the production _______(cut) back on.

   We advocate that everyone _______(work) together to build our harmonious society.

   They urged that parents ________(allow) their children to live independently.

   We insisted that Tom ________(rush) to hospital as soon as possible.

   目前学过的这样的词还有：order, demand, ask, arrange, propose, prefer, decide等等。

3．这种类型的虚拟语气还和一些表建议语气的形容词连用。

   It’s important that we ________(not cheat) the exams at other times.

   It’s necessary that he ________(understand) a little French to communicate with his boss.

   It’s desirable that the plane _______(be) as light as possible.

   It’s natural that the we _______(clean) our bedrooms by ourselves every day.

4．这种类型的虚拟语气还可以表示惊讶和惋惜的语气

   It was a pity (a shame) that you _______(be) so careless!

   It was strange that he ______(lose) the event he had done perfectly before.

   这种情况下，如果说话人并不带有感情色彩，也可以不用虚拟语气，就用陈述语气。

5．这种类型的虚拟语气还可以表示担心、以防万一。

   The old man always held a hand stick for the fear that he ________(fall) down.

   You’d better take an umbrella with you in case that it _______(rain)

   这种情况下，如果说话人并不带有感情色彩，也可以不用虚拟语气，就用陈述语气。

6．特别注意：某些词既有虚拟用法，又有陈述用法，做题时一定要区别对待！！★★

Jane’s pale face suggested that she _______(be) ill, so we suggested that she ______(be) rushed to hospital at once.

He insisted that he ______(get) injured at home, but the police insisted that he ______(tell) a lie and that he ______(be) put into prison.

第三类型：祝福语

1．  God bless you!

May you be happy! May you succeed!