延续性动词与非延续性动词及它们的用法

一、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念

　　英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。

　　延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。

　　终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。常见的非延续性动词有：come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, getup等。这类动词也可以用于完成时态，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和for 表示的一段时间的状语连用。【e.g.】①Jim has come back from England.(正)吉姆已从英国回来了。(他现在在这里。)

②Jim has come back for a month.(误)吉姆已回来一个月了。

例②错是因为come back 的动作不可能延续一个月，要表达“回来已一个月”这个概念，可用be back代替come back，以表示“回来”这一状态持续了多久。【e.g.】Jim has been back for a month.  这句话可转换为：

① Jim came back a month ago.② It is a month since Jim came back.(句中的it指时间，主句的时态常为一般现在时或现在完成时，since为从属连词，引导一个从句。从句中的动词用一般过去时。

　　二、延续性动词的用法特征

　　1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。

　　2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如：It rained at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示"点时间"，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：

　　-When did you get to know Jack?　　-Two years ago.

　　-Then you've known each other for more than two years.

　　-That's right.

　　三、终止性动词的用法特征

　　1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：

　　The train has arrived.火车到了。

　　Have you joined the computer group?　你加入电脑小组了吗？

　　2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如：

　　(1)他死了三年了。

　　误：He has died for three years.

　　正：He has been dead for three years.

　　正：He died three years ago.

　　正：It is three years since he died.

　　正：Three years has passed since he died.

　　(2)他来这儿五天了。

　　误：He has come here for five days.

　　正：He has been here for five days.

　　正：He came here five days ago.

　　正：It is five days since he came here.

　　正：Five days has passed since he came here.

　　(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词，不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：

　　(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。

　　(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。

　　(3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。

(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。

注意：在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰.【e.g.】①We haven’t seen her for a year.我们已有一年未看到她。

②She hasn’t borrowed any books from the library since last spring.

自去年春季以来她就没有在图书馆借过书。

　　3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：He hasn't left here since 1986.

I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.

　　4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型，意为"直到……才……"。如：

　　You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。

　　I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。

　　5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如：

When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)

Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)

　　6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如：

　　误：How long have you come here?

　　正：How long have you been here?

　　正：When did you come here?

延继性动词和终止性动词巩固练习

1. When Henry arrived at the bus stop, the bus ______ for two hours.

　　A. has left 　B. had left　C. has been away   D. had been away

　2. I ______ the League for five years so far.

　　A. joined  B. have joined    C. have been in    D. join

　3. The factory ______ since the February of 1995.

　　A. has been open    B. has opened     C. was open    D. opened

　4. Mary and Rose ______ friends since they met in London in 1998.

　　A. have made  B. have been C. made    D. have become

　5. You mustn't ______ until he comes back.

　　A. be away      B. leave   　　C. be left       D. have been

6. The meeting ______ for a week now.

　　A. has finished  B. has ended　C. has been over   D. has been in

7. Miss Gao______this school since 1996.

　　A. has come to    B. came to C. has taught   D.has been in

　8. Ben ______ a teacher for early three years.

　　A. has been    B. has become  　　C. was      D. became

　9.I ______ home for a week up to now.

　  A. have returned　B. have been back　C. returned    D. were

　10. How long ________ Mr Smith ________?

　　A. did; die  B. was; dead C. was; dying   D. has; been dead

瞬时动词怎样表示持续时间

【释疑】瞬时动词表示动作发生后立即结束或产生某种结果，在现在完成时的肯定句中，不能与表示一段时间的状语（for +时间段或since+时间点）连用，也不能用于how long 引导的特殊疑问句中，而持续性动词可以。那么，我们怎样用瞬时动词表达持续时间呢？

  瞬时动词要表达持续时间时，可用以下方法：

1.   将瞬时动词转化为相应的持续性动词。

 （1）.转化为相应的持续性动词，并用完成时态：

   borrow→ keep ; buy ( get , receive ) → have : catch a cold→ have a cold : put on → wear ; go to sleep→sleep

   （2）.转化为be +形容词或副词

   begin→ be on ; come(arrive)→ be here ; die→be dead ; fall asleep→be asleep; finish(end) →-be over ; get →-keep ; go out → be out ; leave → be away(from) ; meet →- be together ; open→be open ; return →-be back ; wake up→ be awake ;

   (3).转化为be+名词

   join the party →be a Party member ( be in the Party ); join the army → be a soldier ( be in the army ) ; go to school → be a student ; become a teacher →-be a teacher ; make friends → be friends

  (4).转化为be+介词短语

   go to school → be in school , go/ come/arrive/get →be +相应介词短语（be +地点副词）, go to bed →be in bed

2.      将时间状语改为时间段+ago,句中的谓语动词用一般过去时 .

3.   用“It is ( has been ) +时间段since从句（一般过去时）”。

要表示“火车已经离开两个小时”，我们可用以上三种方法：

The train has been away for two hours .

The train left two hours ago .

It is two hours since the train left .