转自独行者的博客 地址:http://alonewalker.blog.sohu.com/
In this essay, I intend to review the short story of To Build a Fire byJack London in three aspects: the setting, the characters and my thought about the theme of this novel.
Since the main purpose is to present my thought about the theme of the story, I have no intention in wasting a lot of words on the useless summary of the novel downloaded form the Internet. Besides, discussion about the author Jack London is also skimmed, although it may be useful in the understanding of this novel. Instead, the background and characters is talked about first, which, I think, is important and helpful to understand this novel Then my viewpoint about the theme is naturally concluded. Here, I should mention that some essays and analyses about To Build a Firein the net have been read before I wrote this essay.
1 The setting,the psychological time or place in a story
What impresses me most, when I read this novel in the first time, is the vivid description of the environment by the author.
“The Yukon lay a mile wide and hidden under three feet of ice. On top of this ice were as many feet of snow. It was all pure white, rolling in gentle undulations where the ice-jams of the freeze-up had formed. North and south, as far as his eye could see, it was unbroken white, save for a dark hair-line that curved and twisted from around the spruce- covered island to the south, and that curved and twisted away into the north, where it disappeared behind another spruce-covered island.”
These words present me a “dim and little-traveled” land, extreme cold, white and with no sign of life. As a boy from southeast China, I had no experiences and even imaginations of extreme cold. Similar to the traveler, “the tremendous cold, and the strangeness and weirdness of it all--made no impression on” me. However, I was quickly shocked by the idea of extreme cold conveyed by the author in the following dialogue,
“It did not lead him to meditate upon his frailty as a creature of temperature, and upon man's frailty in general, able only to live within certain narrow limits of heat and cold; and from there on it did not lead him to the conjectural field of immortality and man's place in the universe.”
This is a description of the extreme cold from another perspective (the meditation of author), indicating that the environment is so cold and hard that man doesn’t belong it. Furthermore, the description seems to betray the theme of the novel: man and nature, namely, the author in the beginning of the novel has put the question about the relation between man and nature or man’s position in the nature forward. (This is an old topic. Our Chinese ancestor’s viewpoint seems to be rational and acceptable, that is, harmonization of man and nature (天人合一). And it has gradually accepted by the international community. That’s why we tend to use the word “communicate” instead of “conquer” in the anniversary of successful climbing Everest of 100 years.)
Since the environment has much importance to do with the plot and theme of the novel, apart from his direct description and narration about cold, London made use of the hero’s action to make extreme cold seem to be more vivid and believable.
“As he turned to go on, he spat speculatively. There was a sharp, explosive crackle that startled him. He spat again. And again, in the air, before it could fall to the snow, the spittle crackled.”
“He was surprised, however, at the cold. It certainly was cold, he concluded, as he rubbed his numbed nose and cheek-bones with his mittened hand. He was a warm-whiskered man, but the hair on his face did not protect the high cheek-bones and the eager nose that thrust itself aggressively into the frosty air.”
“The frozen moisture of its breathing had settled on its fur in a fine powder of frost, and especially were its jowls, muzzle, and eyelashes whitened by its crystalled breath.”
“There was nobody to talk to and, had there been, speech would have been impossible because of the ice-muzzle on his mouth. So he continued monotonously to chew tobacco and to increase the length of his amber beard.
Once in a while the thought reiterated itself that it was very cold and that he had never experienced such cold.”
“He started to untie his moccasins. They were coated with ice; the thick German socks were like sheaths of iron half-way to the knees; and the mocassin strings were like rods of steel all twisted and knotted as by some conflagration. For a moment he tugged with his numbed fingers, then, realizing the folly of it, he drew his sheath-knife”
All these mentioned above provide a setting, a man traveled in an extreme cold palace alone, which accounts much for the success of this short story. Were there not extreme cold environment and a lonely traveler, there is no attracting story. Furthermore, the theme what the author tried to express would become impossible. It is not exaggerated to say, it is this vivid setting that succeed in making me, a boy form southeast, experience an extreme cold story, and force me to think the relation between man and nature implied in the story.
2 Characters
Apart from the background (the vivid description of nature), the successful portraying of characters also contributes much to the theme of To Build a Fire. There are two main characters existing in the novel: a man and a dog, one symbolizing human being or social life form and the other natural life form. Besides, other two characters are also worth mention, although they are not notable, that is,the old-timer, representing the law of nature, and the boys, representing the ambition and desire of human being.
The man is a person whose goal at the start of the story is to reach the camp to meet "the boys," presumably to prospect for gold. In To Build a Fire he is purposely not given a name, as the man is a representative of rational and intelligent human beings. Here, some persons maybe argue that he is not rational and intelligent enough to symbolize the whole human race, for his own faults results his death. However, in my viewpoint, he is still intelligent and rational although he died in the end. My evidence lies in the following paragraphs:
“He was keenly observant, and he noticed the changes in the creek, the curves and bends and timber- jams, and always he sharply noted where he placed his feet.”
“He knew that the coldest snaps never froze these springs, and he knew likewise their danger. They were traps. They hid pools of water under the snow that might be three inches deep, or three feet.”
“He had felt the give under his feet and heard the crackle of a snow-hidden ice-skin. And to get his feet wet in such a temperature meant trouble and danger.”
“He did not expose his fingers more than a minute, and was astonished at the swift numbness that smote them. It certainly was cold. He pulled on the mitten hastily, and beat the hand savagely across his chest.”
These mentioned above are good examples of his caution, betraying his intelligence. His intelligence also presents in his building a fire.
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