非谓语动词的用法讲解:过去分词的用法

一、基本概念

1. 分词的定义

动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。 

2. 过去分词的语法作用： 

过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。

1) 过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如：

Don’t touch the glass because it is broken.

He is quite pleased with the design of the dress.

2) 过去分词做定语：

单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。如：

The excited people rushed into the building.

We need more qualified teachers.

过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如：

Is there anything planned for tomorrow?

The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.

过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。如：

The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.

 The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.

3) 过去分词做状语：

过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。

①表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如：

Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.

Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.

②表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：

Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other. 

Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle. 

③表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。如：

Given another chance, he will do better.

Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.

If heated, water can be turned into steam.

④表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如：

Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 

Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.

⑤表方式或伴随情况。如：

The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.

 Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.

4) 过去分词作补足语：

过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如：

When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined?

When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.

He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.
Don't leave those things undone.

2 “过去分词”用法讲与练 

 当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如：

One of the glasses was found broken.

They should be kept informed of the situation there.

二、特别提醒 

1. 过去分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如：

When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.

 Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.

如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。

2. 动词have后所接的三种宾语补语：

have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to, 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。如：

I had the workers do the job for me.

Jim often has his father help him with his homework.

have somebody /something doing something -ing分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。如：

They had the tractor working all the time.

We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that.

 have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：

①主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：

He had his hair cut yesterday.

Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.

②主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：

He had his leg broken in the match last month.

He had one eye lost in the war.

3. 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式：

the bridge to be built（表示将来的动作）

the bridge being built （表示正在进行的动作）

the bridge built （表示完成的动作）

4. 过去分词和–ing分词作表语的区别：

过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：

Hearing the news, we felt very surprised.

The news is very surprising.

They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.

At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.

英语中这样的分词还有很多，如：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。

5. 过去分词和–ing分词作定语的区别：

过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语：

boiled water               boiling water

developed countries           developing countries

fallen leaves                falling leaves

changed condition             changing condition

由此可见，过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作；而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。

"with +宾语+过去分词"结构
"with +宾语+过去分词"结构中,过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语.例如:
(1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.

三、提高练习

1. I’m going to have my car ________ .

A. to be fixed B. to fix C. fixed D. to fix 

 2. What’s the language ______ in Germany?

A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 

3. ______ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.

A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. having been followed by 

4. He had his leg _______ in the match yesterday.

A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking 

5. Most of the people _______ to the party were famous scientists.

A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting 

6. ________ more attention, the trees could have grown better.

A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given

7. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _________ behind his back.

A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied

8. The computer center, _______ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.

A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened

9. ________ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose

10. The Olympic Games, _________ in 776BC, didn’t include women players until 1912.

A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first played

11. Don’t get _________ in the rain.

A. to be caught B. catching C. to catch D. caught

12. I found a car _________ in a pool by the side of the road.

A. to be stuck B. stuck C. sticking D. stick

13. ---By the way, when did you get your bedroom _______ ? ---Last week.

A. to paint B. painted C. painting D. to be painted

14. The children were found _________ in the cave.

A. trapping B. trapped C. to be trapped D. be trapped

15. They found a ______ old woman _______ on the ground when the door was broken down.

A. dying, lying B. dead, lied C. death, laying D. died, lain

16. On a _____ morning the little girl was found _______ at the corner of the street.

A. freezing, freezing B. freezing, frozen C. frozen, frozen D. frozen, freezing

17. No one enjoys ______ fun of in public.

A. making B. being made C. to be made D. to make

18. Before he came to London, he had never heard a single English word _____.

A. speaking B. spoken C. to be spoken D. speak

19. ______ from space, the earth, with water _______ seventy percent of its surface, looks like a blue ball.

A. Seen, covered B. Seen, covering C. Seeing, covering D. Seeing, covered 

20. An _________ crowd is awaiting the arrival of the film star.

A. excited B. exciting C. excite D. excitedly

 

1---5 C B B B A 6---10 A D D C A

11—15 D B B B A 16---20 B B B B A