3. 各种非谓语动词的形式和含义：

1) 不定式：

(1) to do:

A. 意义：多表后时，后于主要动作（一般为谓语动作）发生；少数动词表示和主要动作相比是一个常态或者经常发生或者是一个泛指动作；多表示主动关系，少数表示和相关名词或代词有动宾关系

B. 句法功能：可作除谓语之外的任何成分（主，宾，表，定，状，宾补）

C. 例句：

To be a teacher is my dream. (主)

I don’t want to drink.(宾)Her intention is to advocate foreign language study.(表)I am advertising for a young woman to look after my baby.(定，主动关系)She has nobody to talk with.(定，动宾关系)She worked day and night to work out a solution.(状)Parents expect their children to succeed.(宾补)

(2) to be done:

A. 意义：时间关系同to do；表示被动关系

B. 句法功能：同to do.

C. 例句: It’s nothing funny to be called a liar..(主,泛指动作)I don’t want to be made to eat dog food.(宾)My dream is to be accepted by Oxford University.(表)The meeting to be held  is about environmental protection. (定)To be protected by the police, she has to report to them about her situation. （状） The children wanted their efforts to be appreciated.(宾补 )

(3) to be doing / to have done / to have been done / to have been doing:

A. 意义：与主要动作完全同时（正在进行）；主动关系/先于主要动作发生；主动关系/先于主要动作发生；被动关系/在主要动作之前开始一直延续到主要动作或者在主要动作之前某一点时刻正在发生；主动关系

B. 句法功能：

这四种形式的不定式一般只和固定搭配中使用，如：seem/appear/pretend/be likely/be said/be
thought/be considered/ be reported/be believed /be supposed / turn out /mean/intend等+不定式

C. 例句：They pretended to be fighting when the police passed by. = They pretended that they were fighting…

They are said to have cloned animals before. = It’s said that they have cloned…

She is likely to have been trained as a zoo keeper. = It’s likely that she was trained as a zoo keeper.

She is reported to have been working on the plan these days. = It’s reported that she has been working on…

2) –ing分词

(1) doing

A. 意义：与主要动作相比是同时关系，有时候表示是一个泛指动作；主动关系（表示泛指动作时是动作发出者是泛指的任何人）

B. 句法功能：

可作除谓语之外的任何成分（主，宾，表，定，状，宾补）

C. 例句：Praising children can work better than criticizing them.(主/宾，泛指动作) Teachers enjoy pointing out their students’ mistakes. (宾) Seeing is believing.(主/表，泛指动作) scientists pushing ahead with the research(定) Using up the Earth’s coal and oil reserves, the human race has to find alternative energy.(状) Keep the ball rolling(宾补)

(2) being done

A. 意义：时间关系同doing。被动关系。

B. 句法功能：主，宾，表，定，状，宾补

C. Being built, the bridge suddenly collapsed.(状) Being interfered with while studying can be the worst thing.(主) the boy being beaten (定) I can’t stand being blamed for nothing wrong.(宾)   What I really enjoy is being amused by stand-ups. (表) Seeing the front door being painted, I got in through the back door.

(3) having done

A. 意义：先于主要动作发生；主动关系

B. 句法功能：多做状语，有时做主，宾，表（不做定语和宾补）

C. 例句：I am sorry for having been / being late for the assembly yesterday.(宾)

Having done a similar job before gives him an advantage over me.(主)

The only thing you can tell him is your having worked as a teacher.(表) Having worked as a primary school teacher, he soon adapted to being with children.(状)

(4) having been done

A. 意义：先于主要动作发生；被动关系。做状语时，如果不需要特别强调此一动作发生在先， having been可省略。但如果强调已发生多少次或多久, 最好不省略。

B. 句法功能：同having done

C. 例句：Having been criticized for making a small mistake really upsets me.(主)

I admit having been / being fired by the company.(宾)  What I told her is my having been employed by the company. (表) (Having been) Educated in Scotland, he knows British table manners well.(状)

Having been humiliated several times, he didn’t want to attend these parties any more.

3) done

A. 意义：多表示先于主要动作发生（但持续性动词一般没有这个含义，而是表示是一个常态）；被动关系

B. 句法功能：定，状，表，宾补

（做状语时有时可以和having been done互换。见上解释。

C. 例句：the subject discussed at the meeting (定)  (Having been)Completed, the building looks very beautiful.(状) The lake is heavily polluted.(表) They left the houses destroyed.(宾补)

4. 非谓语动词短语的否定构成：not或其它否定词+非谓语动词短语

5. 练习

1）更正下列句中动词错误

(1) There are many people are watching the game.

(2) Foreigners learn English is very difficult. 

(3) Find a place to park is not easy.

(4) Waiting for her bus, a car hit her.

(5) To learn English well, her father bought her a dictionary.

(6) Teenagers easily become interesting in this game.

(7) Making such a stupid mistake is terribly embarrassed.

(8) It was silly of you believe what he said.

(9) Most children are interested in listen to stories.

(10) Jim is very good at making things and repair them.

(11) He decided to go to the south, find a good job and living there.

(12) His sister will get married on Monday, Thomas will take Sunday and Monday off. 

(13) I suggest her to take her son on the trip.

(14) Practising medicine is my wish.

(15) I have nobody to talk.

2) 将下列各句中的从句改造成非谓语动词短语

(1) When I was serving a customer, I heard someone shouting for help.

(2) As she had passed all the tests, she got her diploma.

(3) That he is still dependent on his parents makes him a laughing stock. 

(4) As he is inspired by the hero’s experience, he decides to work harder to achieve his goal. 

(5) Since the weather is becoming fine, we will hold the sports meeting tomorrow.

(6) The moment he heard the news, he cried.

(7) When he had opened the door, the bird flew out.

(8) He got up very early so that he would catch the six thirty bus. 

(八) 一致

   “一致”就是指前后照应，英语中的一致包括主语部分和谓语部分的一致以及代词和被指代名词短语的一致。

1. 主谓一致的概念：就是指谓语动词在人称和数方面要和主语部分对应。

2. 主谓一致的原则：

1）语法一致：即主语和谓语在语法上保持一致。就是说如果主语为单数形式，谓语就用单数形式；若主语为复数形式，谓语也应用复数形式。

(1) 单数名词、不可数名词、不定式短语、动词 -ing 形式、或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式；复数主语则用动词的复数形式。

To say is one thing, to do is another. Who will do the job hasn't been decided yet.

(2) A+with, together / along with, as well as, besides, but, except, including, in addition to, like, no less than, rather than, instead of B应根据A确定。

The father with his two sons has gone to the cinema.

No one except the two boys was late for class.

Li Ming, rather than his classmates, has let out the secret.

(3) “ more than one 或 many a ＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

More than one person has known it.   Many a pilot was killed in the raid.

注：“ more ＋复数名词 than one ”作主语，谓语则用复数形式。

More persons than one have known it.

(4)“一两个”，英语中用“ one or two ＋名词复数”或“ a （ an ）＋名词单数 or two ”两种形式表达，前者谓语用复数形式，后者谓语用单数形式。

One or two days are enough for them.

A day or two is enough for them.

(5) and 连接两个名词作复合主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。

My father and mother are away on business.

但是，当两个名词表示同一个人、同一事物、同一概念或一套完整的东西时（其特征是 and 后的名词前无任何冠词），谓语动词应用单数形式。

The writer and poet has decided to be on holiday in Yunnan. （对比： The writer and the poet have decided to be on holiday in Yunnan. ）

A cart and horse is running up the road.

注：当 and 连接的并列单数主语前分别有 no, each, every, many a, more than one 等修饰时，谓语要用单数形式。

In China every man and every woman who has a citizenship has the right to vote and to be voted.

Many a teacher and many a student has seen the film.

(6) 不定代词 one, no one, the other, another, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone,everybody, nobody, anything, something, everything, nothing, each, either 以及被 each, every 修饰的名词作主语，尽管有些表示复数意义，但是它们的谓语应该用单数形式。

Is everybody here today?   

(7) 在定语从句中，从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。例如：

The teacher who teaches us English is from Inner Mongolia.  Who is the girl that is in red shirt?

2) 意义一致：即谓语动词的单复数形式不是根据语法形式，而是根据主语的内在涵义（即有时主语的单数形式表达的是复数涵义，反之亦然）确定的。

(1) 有些集体名词，如：主语family, group, army, government, audience 等表示整体概念时，应看作单数，谓语也用单数形式；但若表示组成整体的各个成员时，其谓语则应用复数形式。

My family is quite big. （整体）    My family like watching TV. （整体的组成部分）

(2) 有些集体名词，如：people （人们）， police, cattle, personnel （全体人员）， militia （民兵），谓语应该用复数形式。

The police are after a murderer.

 注： people 作“民族”解时，其单数形式为 people ，复数形式为 peoples 。当它作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式应视情况而定。

A great people always learns from disasters.    The Chinese and the Japanese are two peace-loving peoples.

(3) 表示物品的名词用量词表示具体数量时，其谓语形式应与量词的数保持一致。

That pair of trousers was sold out, but these pairs of trousers are still on the counter.

A basket of peaches is on the table.

(4) 复数名词短语表示度量、距离、金额、时间或专有名词，要看做一个整体，其谓语动词要用单数形式。

Ten years is a moment in history.  The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.

The United States is the only superpower in the world now.

(5) “分数 / 百分数＋ of ＋名词”以及“ all （ most, some, any, half, a lot, the rest ） +of ＋名词”作主语时， 根据of 后的名词确定。 

Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is water.  Ten percent of the apples are bad.

(6) the 与某些形容词搭配表示一类人时，如 the dead, the blind, the British等，谓语用复数形式。

The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer in some countries.  

(7) “…kind(s) / sort(s) / type(s) of / style(s) of ＋名词”作主语，根据kind/sort / type / style的单复数确定。

This kind of book is sold in that shop.    Many kinds of shoes are sold in that shop.

 注：“名词＋ of ＋ a (the, this, that, these, those, all, some, many 等)＋ kind (s)”结构作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式则与名词的数一致。

A book of this kind is sold in that shop.   Apples of these kinds are sour.

(8) “ a + 单数名词 +and a half ”和“ one and a half+ 复数名词”作主语，谓语用单数形式。

One and a half pears has been left on the table.

3) 就近一致：这一原则是指如果句子中有两个或两个以上的主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要根据靠近它的主语的单复数来确定。主要有以下两种情况：

(1) or, either … or … , neither … nor … , not only … but also … , not … but …等连接并列主语时。 

Not his parents but he doesn't want to go.   Neither you nor I am a stranger here. 但是：

Do his parents or he want to go? 因为his parens离do近。

Does neither he nor his classmates know the secret? 因为he离does近。

(2) There be ＋多个名词作主语，谓语动词常与最靠近 be 的名词的单复数一致。

There is an apple, two pears and some oranges on the plate.

There are three students, two strangers and our headmaster talking together.

3. 练习

更正下列句中的主谓一致错误：

(1) Both paper and ink is used up

(2) Doing two things at a time are not good. 

(3) This pair of shoes are my brother’s.

(4)The team was having a celebration when I came in. 

(5) Physics are one of my favourite subjects.

(6) Each of the boys have a dictionary. 

(7) The Chinese people speaks Chinese. 

(8) Are all the money for the sports meeting? 

(9) The number of trees was planted yesterday.

(10)Ten minutes are enough for you to do this exercise.

(九) 主谓倒装

1. 倒装概念：通常英语句子中的主语是在谓语动词之前，这种语序称为自然语序；反之，如果谓语动词在主语之前，这种语序就称为倒装语序。倒装语序又分为部分倒装（即把谓语动词的助动词移至主语之前）和全部倒装（即把整个谓语动词置于主语之前）。

2. 倒装分类：

1) 全部倒装

(1) there 引出的完全倒装句：除了最常见的 there be 句型以外， there 还可以接 appear to be, happen to be, seem to be, exist, lie, remain, stand 等，一般都译成“有”，构成完全倒装句。

There seems to be no need to go now.

Long long ago, there lived a king.

(2) here, there, now, then, thus 等副词置于句首，谓语动词是 be, come, go, lie, run 时，用全部倒装结构。

There goes the bell.

Then came the chairman.

Here is your letter.

(3) 当表示趋向或地点的状语置于句首，且谓语是表示运动的动词时，用全部倒装结构。

Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.

South of the city lies a big steel factory.

注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语如果是人称代词时，则不用倒装结构。

Here he comes.

(4) 为了句子平衡或强调某一成分，有时将表语置于句首而使用全部倒装结构。

Gone are the days when we lived in the countryside.

Present at the meeting are my friends from South America.

2) 部分倒装

(1) 在 so （肯定句）， neither 和 nor （否定句）引起的句子中，表示前面的情况也适用于另一人或物时，用部分倒装结构。

I went there yesterday. So did he.

Tom doesn't like bananas. Neither (Nor) do I.

但如果只是重复前面一句话的意思，主语指的是同一人或物，则不用倒装。

— It was cold yesterday.

— So it was.

(2) “ only + 状语”位于句首被强调时，用部分倒装结构，如果only强调状语从句，要倒装主句，而非从句。

Only in this way can you solve the problem.

Only when the war was over could he go on studying. 

(3) 否定谓语的副词或实际否定谓语的不定代词位于句首，如 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, rarely, scarcely, nowhere, nothing, nobody, no one, none, few或实际否定谓语的介词短语位于句首，如 in no way, on no account, at no time, in no case, by no means, not until 等，句子用部分倒装结构。

Never in my life have I heard such a thing.

At no time and under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 在任何时间或情况下中国都不会首先使用核武器。

Not until then did he come and help.

注意：

① 否定介词短语如果实际不是否定谓语，则不能倒装。 In no time (=very soon) he will be back.

② Not until后跟状语从句时，需要倒装的是主句。

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 

(4) 当句子以 not only … but also, no sooner … than, hardly / scarcely … when 结构中连接的是两个分句时，not only / no sooner / hardly / scarcely后的分句用部分倒装结构。

Hardly / Scarcely had he got on the bus when he heard a shout.

No sooner had I gone to sleep than the telephone rang.

Not only did he buy a bike for me but he also sent it to my house.

(5) 在 so (such )… that 结构中， so 或 such 位于句首时，其所在分句用部分倒装结构。

So angry was he that he couldn't speak.

 (6) 非真实条件句中，if sb / sth should do / were (to do) / had done可以倒装成should sb / sth do, were sb / sth…, had sb / sth done。

Had I been less busy, I could have helped you.

Should the weather become worse, I would stay at home.

Were I a man, I would have bigger ambitions.

3. 练习

更正下列句子语序错误：

(1) Out the children rushed.

(2) Look! Here the bus comes!

(3) So busy she is that she has no time to spare.

(4) He is not coming. Neither I am.

(5) Few friends he has in the town.

(6) In no case we will give up our efforts.

(7) With nobody helping around did I still manage to get the stuck car movingt.

(8) Not until did I wake up I found him gone.