句子的成分
一.概述
由词按照一定语法规则组合起来,表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位称为句子.句子开首的第一个字母必须大写,句尾通常用句号、问号或感叹号.
组成句子的各个部分称为句子的成分.句子成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、宾语补足语和状语.主语和谓语是句子的主要成分,其他成分为次要成分.
二.句子的九种成分
1.主语
主语是一个句子的主体,一般放在谓语之前,是动作的施予者.主语通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等担任.
Mary is a good student.玛丽是一个好学生.(名词作主语)
Mother made a big birthday cake on my birthday.母亲在我生日那天做了一个大的生日蛋糕.(名词作主语)
He enjoys walking in the hills.他喜欢在山里散步.(代词作主语)
Who can answer this question?谁能回答这个问题?(代词作主语)
Four plus six is ten.四加六等于十.(数词作主语)
To work hard is important.努力工作是重要的.(不定式作主语)
It is my job to teach them English.教他们英语是我的工作.(不定式作主语,it为形式主语)
Smoking is bad for the health.吸烟有害健康.(动名词作主语)
It’s so nice talking with you.很高兴同你谈话.(动名词作主语,it为形式主语)
The young should respect the old.年轻人应该尊重老年人.(名词化的形容词作主语)
When we shall go back has not been decided yet.我们什么时间返回还没有决定.(从句作主语)
What she did is for your good.她所做的是为你好.(从句作主语)
2.谓语
谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态,表明主语做什么,是什么或外于什么情况、状态.谓语由动词担任,有简单谓语和复合谓语之分.
1)简单谓语
由动词或动词词组构成.
Great hopes make great men.宏图造伟人.
She looked after him two years ago.她两年前照顾过他.
2.复合谓语
I shall answer your question after class.我下课后再回答你的问题.(助动词+动词)
She can speak English very well.她英语说得很好.(情态动词+动词)
You may ask the girl over there.你可以问那边那个女孩.(情态动词+动词)
We ought to give him more help.我们应当给他更多的帮助.(情态动词+动词)
The dictionary is mine.这本词典是我的.(连系动词+表语)
She looks happy.她看上去很高兴.(连系动词+表语)
3.宾语
宾语表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者,由名词、代词相当于名词的词充当,一般放在及物动词或介词的后面.
Paper catches fire easily.纸很容易着火.(名词作宾语)
We play basketball after school.我们放学后打篮球.(名词作宾语)
I saw her this morning.我今天上午看到她了.(代词作宾语)
He will do anything for her.为了她,他什么都愿意做.(代词作宾语)
If you add 5 to 3,you get 8. 五加三得八.(数词作宾语)
She is learning to play the violin.她在学拉小提琴.(不定式作宾语)
He doesn’t like swimming.他不喜欢游泳.(动名词作宾语)
They have taken the wounded to the hospital.他们把伤员送到医院去了.(名词化的形容词或分词作宾语)
I don’t know how to answer her.我不知道如何回答她.(疑问词+不定式作宾语)
She hasn’t decided where to go.她还没有决定去哪里.(疑问词+不定式作宾语)
He said that he would come.他说过他要来.(从句作宾语)
I don’t know where he lives.我不知道他住在哪里.(从句作宾语)
4.直接宾语和间接宾语
有些及物动词,如give,bring,lend,pass,tell,buy,show,teach,hand,offer等,可以带两个宾语.一个指人,称为间接宾语,表示动作的方向或动作的目标,常由名词或代词充当;一个指物,称为直接宾语,表示动作的对象或结果,常由名词、代词、数词、不定式等充当.           
Mother bought me a shirt yesterday.母亲昨天给我买了一件衬衫.
She taught us English then.她当时教我们英语.
I sent my mother two letters last month.我上个月给母亲寄了两封信.
间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前,但有时为了强调间接宾语,可用”直接宾语+ to/for +间接宾语”结构,把间接宾语后置.
Will you buy another dictionary for her?你再给她买一本词典好吗?
She gave some good advice to the students.她给了学生们一些好建议.
如果直接宾语是人称代词,须把间接宾语后置,并在前面加“to”.
Here is today’s newspaper.Please hand it to your teacher.这是今天的报纸,请交给你的老师.
5.宾语补足语
有些及物动词带了宾语后,还需要有一个补足成分,才能使句意完整.这个补足成分就叫做宾语补足语,用来说明宾语的行为、特征、状态、身份等.宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语.动词
call,allow,elect,keep,consider,make,see,name,have,get,help,wish,let,ask,feel,smell,hear,advise,find等后面常跟宾语补足语.能够充当宾语补足语的词有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词等.
They named the girl Alice.他们给女孩起名为艾丽丝.(名词作补语)
We elected him monitor.我们选他当了班长.(名词作补语)
I found her quite busy.我发现她很忙.(形容词作补语)
I want him back.我要他回来.(副词作补语)
Please let her in.请让她进去.(副词作补语)
The teacher asked Rose to answer the question.老师要罗丝回答问题.(不定式作补语)
The doctor advised me to have more exercises.医生劝我多锻炼.(不定式作补语)
I heard Mary singing in her room.我听见玛丽在她房间里唱歌.(现在分词作补语)
He had his watch repaired yesterday.他昨天修了表.(过去分词作补语)
Please make yourself at home.你请随便.(介词短语作补语)
I found him in trouble.我发现他遇到了麻烦.(介词短语作补语)
Lucy helped the old man across the road.露西扶着老大爷过马路.(介词短语作补语)
6.表语
表语放在连系动词之后,用来说明主语的特征、状态、身份等.可以充当表语的词有名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、分词、介词短语或句子.
It is a high mountain.这是一座高山.(名词作表语)
He became king when he was only a child.他在只是个孩子时就当了国王.(名词作表语)
The pencil is hers.这支铅笔是她的.(代词作表语)
I am free today.我今天有空.(形容词作表语)
Her mother will be back soon.她母亲不久就要回来了.(副词作表语)
He’s sixteen.他16岁了.(数词作表语)
He was in chains because of a guilt.他因犯罪戴上了镣铐(介词短语作表语)
Her work is to look after the children.她的工作是照看孩子们.(不定式作表语)
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮.(动名词作表语)
He seemed worried about it.他似乎为那件事担心.(分词作表语)
It is surprising to hear the news.听到这个消息令人吃惊.(分词作表语)
The problem is how to finish the work ahead of time.问题是怎样提前完成这项工作.(不定式作表语)
My parents are in good health.我父母身体都很好.(介词短语作表语)
That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要告诉你的.(从句作表语)
7.定语
定语用来修饰名词或代词.可用作定语的词有形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、分词、动名词或句子等.定语可分为前置定语和后置定语.用形容词、代词、数词、名词、动名词、分词作定语时通常放在被修饰词的前面,叫做前置定语;用副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词短语、句子作定语时通常放在被修饰的词后面,叫做后置定语.
注意,形容词修饰somebody,anything,everyone,nothing时,要放在这些词的后面.else作形容词修饰不定代词或疑问代词时,也要后置.
That is a tall tree.那是一棵很高的树.(形容词作定语,前置)
There is something wrong with the radio.收音机有毛病了.(形容词作定语,修饰 something,故后置)
Did you read anything in interesting in today’s paper?你在今天的报纸上读到什么有趣的东西吗?(形容词作定语,修饰anything,故后置)
There is nothing else to eat.没有别的东西吃了.(else后置)
Since you can’t come,I’ll find someone else.既然你来不了,我就找别人.(else后置)
They are talking about a maths problem.他们在讨论一个数学问题.(名词作定语)
He is a football player.他是一名足球运动员.(名词作定语)
Your hair needs cutting.你的头发需要理了.(代词作定语)
Thirty students attended the party.30名学生参加了晚会.(数词作定语)
He is in the reading room.他在阅览室.(动名词作定语)
He stood at the window,watching the setting sun.他站在窗前,看夕阳西下.(现在分词作定语,前置)
You can see fallen leaves everywhere in the fall.秋天你到处都能看到落叶.(过去分词作定语,前置)
She lives in the room above.她住在楼上的房间里.(副词作定语,后置)
Who is the girl dancing over there?在那边跳舞的女孩是谁?(现在分词短语作定语,相当于一个定语从句,后置)
The hotel built last year is the best in the city.去年建造的那座饭店是该市中最好的.(过去分词短语作定语,后置)
This is the book that I need.这就是我需要的那本书.(定语从句作定语,后置)
The dictionary which I bought last month is very useful.我上个月买的那本词典很有用.(定语从句作定语,后置)
8.状语
状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,用来表示时间、地点、原因、方式、程度、目的、结果、条件、让步、频度等情况.通常用作状语的词有副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、名词词组、从句等.状语一般放在句尾,但有的也可以放在句首或句中.
The plane will take off in a few minutes.几分钟后飞机就要起飞了.(时间状语)
There are plenty of fish in the lake.湖里有许多鱼.(地点状语)
He came late because of the rain.由于下雨,他来迟了.(原因状语)
She cut the apple with a knife.她用刀子把苹果切开.(方式状语)
The river is very long.这条河很长.(程度状语)
He ran fast to catch the train.他飞跑着去赶火车.(目的状语)
She woke suddenly to find him stand near the bed.她突然醒来,发现他站在床边.(结果状语)
Turning to the left,you will see the library.向左转弯,你就会看到那个图书馆.(条件状语)
Given another chance,he will succeed.再给一次机会,他就会成功的.(条件状语)
They walked on in spite of the heavy snow.尽管下着大雪,他们仍然继续向前走.(让步状语)
He usually goes to bed at ten.他通常十点钟睡.(频度状语)
He is seldom angry.他很少生气.(频度状语)
几个状语连用的次序问题
几个状语修饰同一个动词时,通常按”方式状语→地点状语→时间状语”的顺序排列.
They talked happily in the room last night.他们昨天晚上在房间里谈得很愉快.
She walked quickly into the room just now.她刚才快步走进了那个房间.
几个不同的时间状语或地点状语修饰同一个动词时,一般按照”由小到大”的顺序排列.
He stayed here for two months last year.他去年在这里待了两个月.
At that time she lived in a small village in the north.她那时住在北方的一个小村子里.
enough必须放在被修饰的副词或形容词之后.
The problem is easy enough.这个问题极其简单.
She walked fast enough to keep up with others.她走得很快,能跟得上别人.
enough修饰名词时,放在名词前后均可.
We have enough seats for everyone.我们有足够的座位供大家坐.
=We have seats enough for everyone.
only在句中的位置不同,则句子有不同的意义.
Only Jack saw the lion.只有杰克看见了那头狮子.(别人没看见)
Jack saw only the lion.杰克只看见了狮子.(没看见老虎)
9.同位语
同位语通常位于名词或代词后面,对该名词或代词作补充说明.能够充当同位语的有名词、代词、数词、从句等.
My friend John is good at English.我的朋友约翰英语很好.(名词作同位语)
Beijing,the capital of China,is a beautiful city.北京是中国的首都,非常美.(名词作同位语)
We both asked her for advice.我们两人都向她求教.(代词作同位语)
They two went fishing.他们两个去钓鱼了.(数词作同位语)
He expressed the hope that he would come and visit the city again.他希望能再次访问这座城市.(从句作同位语)
The fact that Columbus discovered America is known to all.哥伦布发现了美洲大陆这一事实众所周知.(从句作同位语)
三.独立成分
英语中的独立成分有感叹词、呼语和插入语三种.它们可以是词、词组或主谓结构,因其与句子中的其他成分并无语法上的联系而被称为独立成分.
1.感叹词
Hello,boys and girls!孩子们好啊!
Well,how cold the room is!哎呀,屋子里这么冷!
Why,you are here already.嗯,你已经来了.
Fire!Fire!Water! The house is on fire.着火了,着火了,水!房子着火了!
Look out!There’s danger ahead.当心!前面有危险.
2.呼语
John,where are you going?约翰,你要去哪里?
Hurry up,children,or we’ll be late.快点,孩子们,否则我们要迟到了.
3.插入语
In my opinion,this is the best solution to the problem.依我看,这是解决这个问题的最好方案.
By the way,does he still live there?顺便问一下,他还住在那里吗?