艺术品的英文介绍。。有关于中国画。。或者书法的

"They were the oddest hills in the world, and the most Chinese, because these are the hills that are depicted in every Chinese scroll. It is almost a sacred landscape - it is certainly an emblematic one." 

Paul Theroux, Riding the Iron Rooster, 1988

When looking at a Chinese painting, most visitors will remark upon the enormous differences from Western painting tradition. Foremost among the differences are the use of ink and silk paper as opposed to oil and canvas, the use of a silk scroll rather than a wood or metal frame as well as the general lack of verisimilitude to the original subject. Unlike most Western painting traditions, Chinese painting did not place great importance on depicting an exact likeness or replica of that which exists in reality, but instead emphasized the need to capture the spiritual essence of the subject. Whether it be a portrait in which the eyes were thought to reveal the true character of the sitter or a landscape in which the fluttering of leaves were thought to capture the hidden truths of nature, it was the rendering of the life force of the painting that was the ultimate goal of the painter

Such ideas are revealed in the first theory on painting which was written in the fifth century by Hsieh Ho. Entitled the "Six Elements of Painting" they advocate that the painting: 

1) Have a life of its own, be vibrant and resonant 
2) Have good brushwork that gives it a sound structure 
3) Bear some likeness to the nature of the subject 
4) Have hues that answer the need of the situation 
5) Have a well thought out composition 
6) Inherit the best of tradition though learning from it 

While very few paintings from this early period exist, from the Sui (589-618 AD) and Tang (618-907 AD) dynasties onwards, painting came to assume its predominant position in China's artistic tradition. Especially popular were portraits and scenes of the Emperor's life with envoys or court ladies, as well as scenes of nobles' lives found on tomb frescoes or Buddhist imagery found on grotto walls. Some of the greatest treasures of Chinese painting are the frescoes found on the walls of the 468 Buddhist grottoes in Dunhuang in Gansu province. For more than ten centuries, artists painted scenes from Buddhist sutras as well as portraits and scenes of the lives of the numerous people who traveled along the Silk Road.

During the Song dynasty (960-1279 AD), a painting academy under imperial patronage was established, with two main styles of painting coming into emergence. The first style, known as academic painting, favoured bird and flower paintings depicted in minute detail. The second style, known as scholarly painting, favoured grandiose landscapes. Unlike Western landscapes which emphasized perspective and shading elements, Chinese landscapes stressed the brush stroke which could be variegated in thickness and tone. Also diverging from Western styles was the unimportance of man as figures were kept to a minimum and always depicted much smaller than the background landscape.

In the succeeding Yuan dynasty (1279-1368), a literati school comprised of scholar-painters, came into emergence. Painting was always considered the domain of the educated elite and at no other time was this ideal more apparent. The most widely painted subjects were the so-called four virtues of bamboo (a symbol of uprightness, humility and unbending loyalty), plum (a symbol of purity and endurance), chrysanthemum (a symbol of vitality) and orchid (a symbol of purity) as well as bird and flower paintings. 

The Ming dynasty (1368-1644) favoured a return to tradition as artists copied the masterpieces of early times. In fact, painting manuals were written which contained prototypes of a certain leaf, rock or flower which the artist could then copy and combine to create a new work. Unlike the West which always emphasized individuality and creativity, both in painting and literature, the Chinese greatly appreciated the need to master tradition before undertaking the new.

While traditional styles continued to dominate the work of painters of the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644-1911), increasing contact with the West brought about the inevitable influence of Western styles. The Italian painter, Guiseppe Castiglione once even worked under imperial patronage, thus introducing to his Chinese contemporaries such Western techniques as shading and perspective.

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介绍国画的资料

Chinese painting is a form of Chinese art.

In imperial times, painting and calligraphy were the most highly appreciated arts in court circles and were produced almost exclusively by amateurs--aristocrats and scholar-officials--who alone had the leisure to perfect the technique and sensibility necessary for great brushwork. Calligraphy was thought to be the highest and purest form of painting. The implements were the brush pen, made of animal hair, and black inks made from pine soot and animal glue. In ancient times, writing, as well as painting, was done on silk. But after the invention of paper in the 1st century C.E., silk was gradually replaced by the new and cheaper material. Original writings by famous calligraphers have been greatly valued throughout China's history and are mounted on scrolls and hung on walls in the same way that paintings are.

Painting in the traditional style involves essentially the same techniques as calligraphy and is done with a brush dipped in black or colored ink; oils are not used. As with calligraphy, the most popular materials on which paintings are made are paper and silk. The finished work is then mounted on scrolls, which can be hung or rolled up. Traditional painting also is done in albums and on walls, lacquerwork, and other media.

The earliest examples of Chinese painting that we have come from the second century B.C.E. Common Western histories of Chinese painting hold that before this time period, there was no Chinese painting. But it is more likely that there are simply no surviving pieces from before this time period. Artistic mediums such as painting, sculpture, pottery, etc. tend to show similar trends in certain time periods. This means that by looking at archaeological finds from before the 2nd century B.C.E. (eg. observing the development of lacquer design on pottery), we can infer that Chinese paintings followed the same trends as the examples we do have from other mediums.

Beginning in the Tang dynasty (618-907 C.E.), the primary subject matter of painting was the landscape, known as shanshui (mountain-water) painting. In these landscapes, usually monochromatic and sparse, the purpose was not to reproduce exactly the appearance of nature but rather to grasp an emotion or atmosphere so as to catch the "rhythm" of nature. In Song dynasty (960-1279) times, landscapes of more subtle expression appeared; immeasurable distances were conveyed through the use of blurred outlines, mountain contours disappearing into the mist, and impressionistic treatment of natural phenomena. Emphasis was placed on the spiritual qualities of the painting and on the ability of the artist to reveal the inner harmony of man and nature, as perceived according to Taoist and Buddhist concepts.

Beginning in the 13th century, there developed a tradition of painting simple subjects--a branch with fruit, a few flowers, or one or two horses. Narrative painting, with a wider color range and a much busier composition than the Song painting, was immensely popular at the time of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644).

During the Ming period, the first books illustrated with colored woodcuts appeared. As the techniques of color printing were perfected, illustrated manuals on the art of painting began to be published. Jieziyuan Huazhuan (Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden), a five-volume work first published in 1679, has been in use as a technical textbook for artists and students ever since.

Beginning with the New Culture Movement, Chinese artists started to adopt Western techniques. It also was during this time that oil painting was introduced to China.

In the early years of the People's Republic of China, artists were encouraged to employ socialist realism. Some Soviet Union socialist realism was imported without modification, and painters were assigned subjects and expected to mass-produce paintings. This regimen was considerably relaxed in 1953, and after the Hundred Flowers Campaign of 1956-57, traditional Chinese painting experienced a significant revival. Along with these developments in professional art circles, there was a proliferation of peasant art depicting everyday life in the rural areas on wall murals and in open-air painting exhibitions.

During the Cultural Revolution, art schools were closed, and publication of art journals and major art exhibitions ceased. Nevertheless, amateur art continued to flourish throughout this period.

Following the Cultural Revolution, art schools and professional organizations were reinstated. Exchanges were set up with groups of foreign artists, and Chinese artists began to experiment with new subjects and techniques.

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用英语介绍国画的代表人物及流派

Song after income was where to draw flowers and birds are the "yellow house system later." Faction】 【Xu, also known as "Alex Wild Ocean", referred to as "Xu sent." One of the famous Chinese painting is also one of the Five Dynasties bird-two major schools. On behalf of the artist for the Southern Tang Xu Xi.

【】 Yellow faction also known as "yellow Quan School", "yellow house rich." China occupies an important position in the history of bird. It is one of the Five Dynasties bird-two major schools, sophisticatedin the Five Dynasties and the yellow Quan, China Everbright's yellow home in the early Song. Wong Quan only high skills, good light check previous melt colored hook concentration techniques, single elevation grid, are the ruling class won the Queen's favorite artist.

His son home, home for its Family-Bao, Song became dominant when the bird factions. Wong Quan artist for the court, wrote many of the unique rock formations, rare birds and bird-rui, fine outline,colors, ink marks do not reveal the so-called "all draw yellow flower, Miao at Colored" (Shen), bear a close resemblance to draw into their health, they have "yellow house rich," said the. Wong represented the late Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties and early Songand the Central Plains, when the style has become a typical bird-house-style body.

Initialdivided into northern and southern factions factions. Landscape in the north have sent the Five Dynasties North Song Dynasty, the master is off the same, Li Cheng, Fan Kuan. Related with the (birth and death unknown) is the Five Dynasties Later Liang artist, Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi), and the division Hao, old age has the reputation of the blue. Writing good trend, r.. T Jane Air Zhuang, Jing-Yi Chang less. Writing goodAkiyama, Lin Home, fishing station, such as the city of Mountain View, said "off home landscape."

Schiff for Jinling (Nanjing, Jiangsu Province today) people, although the southern one Pouilly, but noble-chi section, release of uninhibited, like many incumbents, Tingwild flower bamboo, birds-yuan fish, vegetation pest animals are wonderful good fortune to . Flowers by birds, bone-shaped light show, a simple natural, fresh and elegant, original "ink drop method." His works focus on bone outline ink, light color Shih, casual style show, so people with 'wild-Yi Xu Xi, "called. Schiff's pen and ink techniques, a great impact for future generations to Xu Xi Xuout of the Sun and Xu School reputation gradually vibration-hee.

Lee (about 919 ~ 967), Five Dynasties and early Song Dynasty artist, Camp Hill (the Shandong Linzi, Changle one said), and the beginning of the division Hao, Guan with, after the reclusive mountain, naturaloften drawSnow, North view of many, small outline, cracked rubbing little, since the backbone of strong, tall and straight draw solid landscape, giving the weather, Kuang Lin sense smoke. Fan Kuan (? ~ 1026), the Northern Song Dynasty artist, the original China (Shaanxi Yaoxian today) people, novice Li Cheng, Hao Ji-law, after the sense of "people with their division, the division is not all good fortune", and finally "self-lessons" . Strong write-hung old hardware, "areWritingtrend, because of pressinglarger.

After Zhang,to Shen Zhou Ming, Fu Chen, Wen Zhengming, Xu Wei and others to develop into a type of ink freehand bird so the bird with the yellow bamboo fish trap to send the two competing against each other, the impact of the Song, Yuan , Ming and Qing Tan more than bird-years. North and South were 【】 "Do not Let Units Set draw designed": "The Zen house has two north-south, when the only sub-Tang; draw 2 of the North and the South, but also Tang hours also, but its non-South-North Human ears.

"Guo Ruoxu" informative picture志"曰: Camp Hill only Lee, Chang Guan with the Chinese original Fan Kuan, Miao-chi入神only higher category, the three-way tripod EMI standard." And that "husbandweather, smoke Kuang Lin, Feng-Ying cents off microscopic ink Act, the Camp Hill is also the system;stone body,Feng-mao, Taiwan Pavilion quaint, leisurely and carefree character who winds also Kwan; rise amid vigorous, strong and powerful V-hung, and looting are all T , housing people who are quality, as also on the Fan.

"Note Lee, Guan, Fan-sheng of the style, sweeping the Qi and Lu, the impact of customs clearance, narrow areas, it is sent to the north of the master landscape. Send】 【South landscape known as" landscape southern faction. "One of the Chinese schools draw.initial sub-factions and southern factions in the north. Southern landscape represented in the Five Dynasties and Northern Song Dynasty produced between. master to Dong Yuan, Ju Ran. Dong Yuan (? ~ 926) for the Five Dynasties Nantang artist,up,(now the Northwest Jiangxi Jinxian ) people.

"This is the Ming Dynasty art Tang Yuan Dong Qichang put the well-known from the home landscape is divided into two factions, said the North-South issue, therefore, studied under the guidance of the evolution of house and landscape are not in line with the historical facts, and there is"Southern "derogatory" North "of Italy. Ming particularlysaid: "Lee sent board small, poor morale; Wang and send virtual. "At the time, and Dong Qichangand referred to as the" Dong Chen ", in the painting is the reputation, so chime in late Ming and early Qing painting rallied together, exert a great influence to the formation of a""to" orthodox "view. 【North】 landscape represented Chinese schools draw one.

Kui Ran (birth and death unknown) artist for the Five Dynasties and early Song, Jiangning (now Nanjing) people. Nantang death to Kaifeng for Kaiyuan monks. Dong Yuan landscape painting teachers, but also drawgood weather and beautiful scenerysouth of the Yangtze River. Northern Song Shen, "Meng Xi Bi Tan" said: "Dong Yuan, thevision of many Jiangnan Writing-san, not the gas; Jianye Monk Dong Kui Ranlaw, are attained." Mi Fu "painting" are also said: "The innocent plain Dong Yuan, Tang no goods.

Yi Dynasty in the main, after the then Court (that is, Beiyuan), especially the Public Landscape, Writing Jiangnan landscape, no mountains screen overlapping peaks, steep hills rock, but which rise amid, Lin extravagant smoke,Hidden category, the performance of the plain of innocent fun. Composition methods, pen and ink techniques to shape the southern scenery are also innovative. And the North Circular is not the same landscape.

Lin Ming Confucianism has been the subject of "Huzhou Penny" and referred to the Northern Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty artist since there are as many as 25 people. Due to the same text in Huzhou (Zhejiang Wuxing this) as in full, it said. Yuan Zhang Maizhokunggar think back at theXuanzong,, Wang Wei, Li,also good. Bai has been the subject of "Break" Chan Siu. And to text Dajin with bamboo, the's life. "Picture of knowledge-chi," said: "good draw Maizhokunggar, the Tzu-fu cool.

Changzhou artist has been painting since the Song together. Homemonks began in the Northern Song Ning Ning Homemay play all the way ink is a Buddhist temple. Green made the Southern Song Dynasty Yuanchu, Works Road, grandparent and grandchild in the Netherlands is known to draw. Ming Sun Longde throwing good draw frehand flower color. Tang to the Qing Dynasty in the light "Flower" and Yun Shou-ping's "Peony Yun" as the well-known. Changzhou flowers to the beginning of the Qing Dynasty reached its peak. Yun Tang's for real source.

Wu million people to gather and study the text of the Song and Yuan artist techniquesBiography, into "the text of Huzhou Penny faction" book 1, where 25 people. 【School】 Changzhou also known as School", "Wujin School." Chinese schools draw one. Changzhou (Jiangsu, this is a) the ancient name, Wujin, it is also called the "School", "Wujin School." This allocation to flowers, paintingto win.flowers, do not have to set out the ink line, color painted directly.in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao's not bone.

"Su Shicalled" a bamboo in the chest "of who to bamboo to bamboo from my Fengshen. Su Shi, or for the bamboo, the self-proclaimed" sent Huzhou. "But that" the timeMerry , has its own style of oldrelease was painting bamboo faction known as the ancestor of Huzhou.become a common practice in the Yuan Dynasty. Million later, Li, Wu, Ke Jiusi for the thread, such as rehabilitation.

"This sent to Dong Yuan and Ju Ran to master, the Bank said," Dong Ju. "Father and son Mi Fu" Yunshan to send rice, "the scenery along the draw Jingkou, showing what's new for this camp.末法often the Southern Song Dynasty (grazing Creek), and if the fun (Jade Stream), etc., are the draw system of the South, to the Yuan Dynasty and Dasheng. Huzhou Penny sent】 【Chinese schools draw one. this performance sent to Penny for the object, with a Song, So try to represent, especially in text with The most well known.

Yun Shou-ping made taste, "Ms Tang horse with a disability (in light of its) Advantech think painting, each work of Wong Li Quan too, not off portrait of Zhao, Xu Xi point no track available, probably not take it," Yun Tang Flower Painting, more a sense of dense, Xuare not the inheritors of bone.draw more than people who are, are to send this. 【Rice sent one of Chinese schools draw. Mi Fu refers to the Song Dynasty, the ricedraw father and son. Draw the history of the "rice," rice "or the" two meter. "

"Two meter" Yangyang and Zhenjiang ranks of Shaw, Gordon and the dihydrate, two Shan Jiao intoxicated natural beauty in particular. So 'two rice' landscape in many Yunshan, Ji Yu, smoke as a theme, just to ink contrast with cross-point pen into a horizontal surface of the block to "get off the eggplant law," the performance of misty rain clouds, confused fantasy of memorabilia and souvenirs, the Bank said that "meter point of landscape "," Michaelis Yunshan ", is a great freehand ink. Creek grazing in the Southern Song Dynastyhigh, square etc from the division of justice, a great impact on future generations.

Zhejiang School, Jiangxia camp has a well-known artist Zhang road, three-song Jiang, Xie Shu-chen, and other blue-ying. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, Wu faction rise to dominate the art world. To the late Ming and "Zhejiang School" is no longer seen in the painting. Send】 【Huangshan also known as "School of Huangshan." Chinese schools draw one. Xuancheng in the early Qing Dynasty (this is in Anhui) Euroglyphus a direct descendant. They arein, Mei House, as well as the Shi Tao Xuancheng.

Mi Fu Dong Yuan draw from the landscape to change, add profile hooks cracked breakthrough of traditional techniques, many点染with ink, but not work fine, since that "for the letter T, with many clouds trees Hidden stone, may have been intended." Friends of the sub-meter Hui (1074 ~ 1153), character-hui, the elderly in old age and hence its lazy, art degree, the development of the rice landscape management techniques, "a little change of its respect for the people, into a law," Writing with ink spots smoke Luan Wang Shu-yun , advocating plain innocent,the grass, the self-proclaimed "show ink.

Landscape due to the impact of sub-cases, said that the faction is the very process of the Southern Song style, to stones,, subtle and attention to taste famous ink painting. Lease Ming Tang says: "Suzhou reasoning draw, draw on the sum of Songjiang." ( "Critical of painting") to send the development of Songjiang peak time when the door-to-door to replace Wu, in the late Ming and early Qing as the painting was authentic. 】 【Zhejiang School also known as "Zhejiang School." Chinese schools draw one. Dai Ming Dynasty into the artist to create a major. Dai Jin (1388 ~ 1462), the word text into static No. Um, but also its山人Yuquan.

Mi Fu also said that to this end created to send his son to inherit the development of rice. Send】 【Songjiang also known as "Songjiang School." Chinese schools draw one. Jiang late Mingsong House rule (this is in Shanghai) to send three of the general term for landscape painting. The first is to the left, led by Zhao, referred to as the "School苏松"; two rechargeable led by Shen, hereinafter referred to as "inter-Cloud School"; are three generation子侄Gu Zhengyi and its representatives, hereinafter referred to as "Huating School."

Qiantang (present Hangzhou, Zhejiang) people. Painting by Li Tang,a great influence on Ma Yuan, the Southern Song Painting Academyphysical. Good landscape, figures, flowers,, Painting high fashion, from many scholars, has gradually formed a "Zhejiang School." After Jiangxia (now Wuchang, Hubei) Human Wu (1459 ~ 1508), and then learn to wear more rough, and there is a lot of people to track his style, but also the formation of the Zhejiang branch of faction "Jiangxia to send."

【Yushan】 faction known as "Yushan School." Chinese schools draw one. Wang Qing Dynasty landscape painting, one after another teacher, Wang Jian, Wang Shi-min, carefully copying ancient works, and the Song and Yuan Dynasties frommasters, usually with the Friends of Painting Yun Shou-ping learn. Yesaint (Kangxi emperor), he has presided over the draw life "southern tour map" giant structure, and gift book, "Landscape Hui-ching) words, reputation benefits, and draw it in the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Inter-sheng.

His main students have YANG, Gu, the study, such as Kennedy. Wang for the people of Jiangsu Changshu, Changshu Yushan have, because there is "Yushan School" of. Tsung its ancient culture, a significant impact on the Qing Dynasty landscape painting. Wu martial】 【also known as "Wu School." Chinese schools draw one. Ming Shen Zhou Wen Zhengming their students, advocating the Northern Song Dynasty landscape painting and the Yuan Dynasty, and the Southern Song Dynasty"Zhejiang School" style.

It is prevalent in the mid-Ming, from the very public and scholars. Well-known text has, Chia-wen, Chen Fu, land administration, such as money-yi. They are all people of Suzhou Prefecture, Suzhou alias "Wu", it said. Wu martial art world at that time occupied an important place. 】 【Lingnan school also known as "the Lingnan School." Chinese schools draw one. Guangdong is located south of Five Ridges. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, here no less than thousands of artist.

Shi Tao Farmington original relief, early hi landscape, Lushan Gordon repeated Huangshan from Places of interest, set at ten Xuancheng with Euroglyphus, wearing the contacts, such as filial piety. These divisions not only good fortune and ancient division of the artist and influence to draw the famous Huangshan Mountain, so called "Huangshan to send." School principal and teacher Xin'an Huangshan, Huangshan it into someone that School, but the style and "Huangshan sent" different, as Zhejiang and its own unique features and mysterious way, it was to be placed within the "School of Huangshan," is mistaken.
One of  and "inter-cloud faction" are derived from Xu, Zhaoleft and Jin Xu same division, the division sufficientShen Jin, and Zhao left the division. SONG Xu-artist in addition to these, the people are the Songjiang Prefecture. Styles influence each other, so called "Songjiang send." Although this activity represented in the Songjiang district, but are in fact represented a continuation of Wu, the creative writers to the peak draw. For the actual head of Dong Qichang.

To create a style of the Lingnan area are well-known artist Ming Liang. Draw him good fruit,simple shading pale, delicate preparation, see, often forink areas, wild mallardcapacity of the state, there is caused by light. Its ink birds, trees stone indulgence writing a nutshell, flymove, there is the cursive type, color flexibility.

Buddha has"Buddha draw the progenitor" of reputation. Exquisite Kaizhi him in the painting, portraits, animals, landscape everything works. Act as well as its delicate brush, portrays the forces of continuity,such as silk, rich sense of rhythm.

And inherited the body of the Southern Song Painting Academy, was a decent opening of another group, Institute for the Ming Dynasty bird body representative of the Lingnan School is a pioneer in modern times. Law in its majestic high, Chen, following from there Lai Chien, LI Kui, etc.. Suhave six friends, Su Changchun good figures, there is Juchao end of the Qing Dynasty, ranking Lian brothers learn Yun Shou-ping, good insects, fish, flowers and birds. Panyu people Gao modern, high-Qi and Chen studied at an average annual home early Lian.

Gao and Chen's three brothers had studied in Japan, study Painting, the introduction of Western painting techniques, many subjects to write works of folk music in southern China. In the use of traditional Chinese painting techniques, based on the integration of Japan and South Western painting draw, pay attention to painting, creating a bright and colorful, full of water dripping, softstyle uniform.

Probe into the good landalso landscape vegetation figures "show as bone-ching," "If fear is fear of the gods" continuous gesture more vigorous tall and straight, its the "dense body", Zhang Monk forced labor very good long draw, there is "not long draw clear point, point toward the" legend. The creation of a more typical plump, draw "Female yao ladies, short and noodle-yan." ZHANG Huai-Tang Dynasty Six Dynasties draw commentary that: "Sheet (monks forced labor) who have lent their meat, Lu (Research) who have lent their bones, Gu (Kaizhi) God-win." Draw the Six Dynasties rare, especially in Cao will not be any trace of non-depositors. Open draw of the Sui and Tang Dynasties Six Dynasties style of the Yan-li, a greater impact.

later said: "Tang, Liu Song, the Ma Yuan, Xia, the U.S. has four Nandu." Ugly Zhang said: "Liu Song Southern Song Dynasty was the winner, Li Tang, Ma Yuan, Xia times." Tai-order is said: "Liu, Li, Ma, all the summer weight-bearing, while Lee, the best horse." All in all four of the Southern Song dynasty ruled over a hundred years the Southern Song Dynasty landscape painting altar. Draw their history, style to add brilliance, celebrities through the ages.

Tang later years such as a "bigcracked" law, the representative has "Matsukaze map" and so on. Liu Song was called "LIU Qing-bo", "Liu unlicensed prostitute", the representative has "four Jingshan water" and so on. Draw him away horse known as: "Horse of the iceberg." Representative has "plans," "water plan" and so on. Xia, Ma Yuan and his style similar to that "horse, summer," known as the draw for him, "half the summer", the representative has "Mountain Qingyuan map" and so on.

In particular, the rich are a new feature Nanling Chinese School, Chinese and Western painting from its long, melt draw scholars and craftsmen in one draw, it is also called the "compromise" and the "new painting sent." Chan Shu Gao and his brothers were known as the "Lingnan kit", the Guangzhou region the impact of a large painting. 【4】 Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties Dongwu Cao out of fashion, the Eastern Jin Dynasty Gu Kaizhi, Southern Song Dynasty Lu, Liang Zhang Monk Southern four collectively known as forced labor. Cao will not be any good at painting a tiger, horse, dragon, Buddhist figures, for the huge portrait, hand-min heart operation, click is needed for a moment.

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英文的中国画画法介绍，以及书法

Chinese Painting and Calligraphy
 Though Chinese painting has much in common with western painting from an aesthetic point of view, it still possesses its unique character. Chinese traditional painting seldom follows the convention of central focus perspective or realistic portrayal, but gives the painter freedom on artistic conception, structural composition and method of expression so as to better express his subjective feelings. Chinese painting has absorbed the best of many forms of art, like poetry, calligraphy, and seal engraving.

Take Mr. Qi Baishi (1863-1957), a great painter for example. Mr. Qi was a skillful poet, calligrapher and seal-cutter. Qi, a native of Hunan Province, injected his ink painting with typical Chinese farmers' tastes -- simple, pure, and humorous. All this made him an artistic giant of the 20th Century.

Chinese often consider a good painting a good poem, and vice versa. Hence we often say there is painting in poetry and poetry in painting. In the past, many great artists were also great poets and the calligraphers. The inscriptions and seal on the paintings not only can help us to understand the painter's ideas and emotions, but also provide decorative beauty to the painting.

Pines, bamboo and plum blossoms are 'bosom friends in winter.' The three plants are upright and show rectitude. They become favorite objects for Chinese painters. Chinese painting is a combination in the same picture of the arts of poetry, calligraphy, painting and seal engraving. They were indispensable elements, which supplement and enrich each other in contributing to the beauty of the whole picture.

Chinese paintings can be divided into four categories according to its format: murals, screens, scrolls, and albums and fans. In addition, they are frequently mounted against exquisite backgrounds to enhance their aesthetic effect.

In terms of technique, Chinese painting can be divided into two broad categories: paintings minutely executed in a realistic style and those that employ freehand brushwork.

Classified according to subject matter, they can be divided into paintings of figures, landscapes, buildings, flowers, birds, animals, insects and fish. The brush techniques so much emphasized in Chinese painting include line and texture (cunfa), the dotting method (dianfa) and the application of color (ranfa).

It is very difficult, if not impossible, to appreciate Chinese paintings without a profound knowledge about different styles characteristic of the different historical periods.

During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), the culture flourished with the economic development. Painting was elegant in style, reflecting the general prosperity of the golden age of Chinese feudal society. The paintings of Song Dynasty (960-1279AD), however, favored abstract, implied meanings rather than direct expressions, painting skills matured considerably, and the realistic style was in full blossom. The Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 AD) witnessed the flourish of the expressionist school and many painters indulged in painting solely for personal pleasure. The painters of Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) took painting as a vehicle to express their interests and feelings. They painted with a vigorous boldness, caring little for meticulous refinement. Gradually, Chinese painting became artistically 'perfect' during the Qing Dynasty.

However, 'perfection' sometimes causes stagnation or even retrogression in art creation. That was why vigorous Chinese painting almost became stereotyped for a long period in the 19th century.

At the beginning of the 20th century, some painters from Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Beijing started to challenge the old tradition of Chinese painting by introducing new art concepts from the West and establishing art school to train artists. The joint efforts were paid off. Most of these pioneer painters later became the backbone of New China's Art after 1949. And some are still active even today.

The ink painting has conducted certain reforms earlier this century, which may fall into two types. One reform was to get rid of the morbid psychology of self-admiration that some scholar painters in feudal China harbored, and establishes a healthy style. In this respect, Qi Baishi, whose name we mentioned previously, stood high above his contemporaries.

Qi's favorite subjects included flowers, insects, birds, landscapes and human figures. He not only studied the skills of these forerunners such as Xu Wei, Zhu Da, Yuan Ji and Wu Changshuo but also carefully observed the objects that he sketched. Outwardly he seemed to be very casual, but the flowers and birds that blossomed and flew from his brush all possessed the kind of characteristics they should have. With fluent lines and bright colors, he created a world full of life and rhythm.

The second type of reform was to accept Western art concepts and techniques and combine them with good tradition of Chinese painting. The pioneers tried to create a brand new national painting form on the basis of the existing form. One of the representatives in this bold experiment was Xu Beihong (1895-1953), who served in his lifetime as president of the Central Fine Arts Institute and chairman of the Chinese Artists Association.

Xu was most famous for his painting of horses. With a solid foundation in Chinese painting, he borrowed the best techniques from Western painting. In his paintings of human figures or animals, he was most accurate in the depiction of both spirit and form. Xu's works demonstrated not only his strong personality and creative spirit but also his patriotism, his sympathy with the working class, and his deep hatred for all evils.

Good paintings require good materials. The materials used in Chinese painting are writing brushes, ink sticks and slabs, and paper and silk, you can find all these materials in most of the souvenir shops. 

Chinese Boxing
Chinese Boxing is rooted in an ancient tradition born out of the instinct to survive in the midst of military conflict. With its origins in the famed Shaolin Temple, Chinese Boxing has endured for thousands of years and is not only the foundation for Chinese kung fu, but most martial arts that developed in the Eastern part of the world. These classical kung fu movements are part of The Calasanz System for the purpose of improving grounding and balancing skills. Chinese Boxing may be practiced as a pattern of various movements simulating a real fight for the student to achieve an aerobic workout. It may also be practiced as a fighting method.