高考英语阅读理解推理判断题答题技巧及专项训练

   阅读理解推理判断题要求在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对文中细节的暗示和语篇逻辑关系的分析做出一

定的判断和推理，从而理解作者所要传达的信息、得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。它主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力和考生的识别能力。

    解答推理判断题要以文字信息为依据，既不能作出在原文中找不到依据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息进行多余推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。

一、细节推断题是推理判断题中比较简单的一类试题，它要求考生根据语篇中具体的内容和信息点，推断出文章中具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。解答此类试题时，一般可根据短文所提供的信息或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生只要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，就可作出准确的推断。

对于细节推断题来说，根据文章中的关键信息点进行推断是解答此类试题的关键。考生不但要理解文章的字面含义，还要运用逻辑判断能力，推断出文章更深层的含义。同时还要根据文章内容进行推断，不能凭空猜测。考生要注意站在文章作者或文中人物的立场上，设身处地地考虑实际情景，并据此展开合理的想象和推理。主观臆断是许多考生做这类题时普遍存在的一个问题。

二、作者态度或观点的推断类型题目考查考生是否了解文中作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度。要求考生具有在正确理解文意的基础上，对观点或态度倾向进行分析、识别的能力。该类型题目的选项一般含有以下三类词：①中性词：uninterested(不感兴趣的)，neutral(中立的)，indifferent(漠不关心的)等；②褒义词：positive(积极的)，supportive(支持的)，humorous(滑稽有趣的)，enthusiastic(热情的)，admiring(赞赏的)等；③贬义词：disgusted(厌恶的)，critical(批评的)，negative(否定的，消极的)，disappointed(失望的)等。

三、写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。

判断文章的写作目的时一定要对文章主题有正确的把握；阅读时务必找准文章的主旨句，准确归纳文章主题。

四、推测文章的来源或者推测读者对象类题目要求考生本身要具备一定的常识，这样才能把文章的内容与自己已经具备的常识结合起来作出准确推断。比如考生要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座，选出最佳答案。

推断文章出处类题目应从文章的内容或结构入手。从文章的内容上来看，主要有说明文(主要涉及广告和旅游指南等)、议论文(主要涉及影评、书评、新闻评论、正反对比议论文等)。从文章的结构上来看,新闻报道类文章一般在第一段概括全文内容，后面陈述细节，前面都会出现日期、地点或通讯社等名称。广告的格式特殊，语言简练。产品说明会出现产品名称或操作方式等。网站文章通常会出现click，online, web，website，video 等字眼，有时还会提供网址等。旅游指南类文章旨在介绍某一旅游景点的自然景观和人文特色，目的是吸引游客来访。

    推理判断（infer）题必须把握住的一个原则是：正确选项必须是由文中事实推断出的另一个正确的事实，必须是not directly stated in the passage.

 

专项训练题： 

A

(2015·重庆一中一诊)Based on new analysis，we are rapidly approaching major climate change and the effects on society and the environment could be quite severe.Geographers predict that within the next eighty years，current world climate zones could shift and some could completely disappear.Polar regions will get colder while tropical regions will get even hotter，forcing animals to migrate(迁徙) north.

Climate changes like these could lead to the spread of diseases.Tropical storms and hurricanes will not only increase but may also become more intense.If the changes come too quickly，animal and plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear.

According to Science Daily，a new study predicts that by the year 2100，many of today’s familiar climates will be replaced by climates unknown in today’s world.It is urgent that we reduce the risks of these far­reaching consequences for the whole world.The planet itself has been showing signs of change.In 2004，a serious tsunami created by a major earthquake killed thousands in Sumatra and in 2008，thousands died in China because of another severe earthquake.Egypt was hit in 2009 with a major earthquake and Haiti was devastated in 2010 by yet another massive earthquake.

Within just the last few months，new reports from around the world have been coming in and most agree that our climate situation is much worse than previously thought.At this point，it doesn’t matter what is causing it，but rather，what can be done about it.What’s more，our world is getting more and more unstable every year.There is war and threat of war everywhere.Natural disasters are becoming more frequent and serious.

However，other planets are experiencing global warming as well as our own and some scientists believe there may be some connection between this.No one knows anything for sure at this point because there is simply not enough data.

1．What is the major function of Paragraph 1?

A．To arouse the reader’s concern.

B．To introduce the theme of the whole passage.

C．To summarize the whole passage.

D．To state how climate changes.

2．What is the author’s purpose in using the examples of earthquakes?

A．To show major changes are taking place on the planet.

B．To remind people to prevent future earthquakes.

C．To show the damage earthquakes caused.

D．To tell us more earthquakes will happen in the future.

3．Which of the following is NOT true of climate changes’ effects?

A．Animal and plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear.

B．It could lead to the spread of diseases.

C．Current world climate zones could shift and completely disappear.

D．Natural disasters are becoming more frequent and serious.

4．What can be inferred from the passage?

A．Animals and plants won’t die out as long as climate changes slowly.

B．There’s enough data for us to predict the future of climate change.

C．The world is getting more unstable because of animal migration.

D．The earth is not the only planet that is experiencing climate change.

B

(2015·扬州、南通、连云港市第二次调研考试)Consumers everywhere are faced with the same dilemma：given limited resources，what sorts of purchases are most likely to produce lasting happiness and satisfaction? Recent research has confirmed that experiential purchases tend to produce greater hedonic (享乐的)gains than material purchases.

The reason why experiences improve with time may be because it is possible to think about experiences in a more abstract manner than possessions.For example，if you think back to a fantastic summer from your youth，you might easily remember an abstract sense of warm sunshine and youthful exuberance(生气勃勃)，but you’re less likely to remember exactly what you did day­by­day.

Material possessions are harder to think about in an abstract sense.The car you bought is still a car，that great new jacket you picked up cheap is still just a jacket.It’s more likely the experience of that summer has taken on a symbolic meaning that can live longer in your memory than a possession.

Purchasing may have a negative impact on happiness because consumers often buy “joyless” material possessions，resulting in comfort but not pleasure.In general，people adapt to experiences more slowly than to material purchase.This can be seen in both negative and positive purchases：hedonic adaptation would result in a positive experience causing more happiness but a negative experience causing less happiness than the comparable material purchase with the same initial happiness level.

Experience，however，seems to be more resistant to these sorts of unfavourable comparisons. It is because of the unique nature of experience. It’s more difficult to make an unfavourable comparison when there is nothing directly comparable.After all，each of our youthful summers is different.

It’s well established that social comparisons can have a huge effect on how we view what might seem like positive events.One striking example is the finding that people prefer to earn $50，000 a year while everyone else earns $25，000，instead of earning $100，000 themselves and having other people earn $200，000.

A similar effect is seen for possessions.When there are so many flat­screen HD TVs to choose from，it’s easy to make unfavourable comparisons between our choice and the others available.

5．An abstract sense in the passage refers to awareness of something ________．

A．you cannot think about

B．you can’t remember well

C．you cannot understand

D．you cannot see or touch

6．If you make an experiential purchase before a material purchase，you may go to________．

A．a theatre before going to a store

B．an exhibition before going to a park

C．a mall before going to a grocer’s

D．a market before going to a restaurant

7．The example of earnings is given to actually indicate________．

A．how ridiculous people are

B．how people feel content

C．how nearsighted people are

D．how people hold prejudice

8．It is implied in the passage that，after their material purchases，people might________．

A．enjoy their ownership of what they have bought

B．pick every fault in the products they have got

C．regret making a wrong decision to buy the items

D．leave what they’ve purchased untouched at home

                                                                               C

(2015·扬州、南通、连云港市第二次调研考试)

Dear Textual Healing，

I would be very interested in your recommendations for any books to help me through a difficult time of my life.At 57，I am feeling a bit lost.I have a wonderful，loving husband and bright，caring teenage daughter but I am lonely and have lost my spark for life.

I have always taken care of everyone and managed a career，but，after the death of my father this summer，my difficulties as a child in a terribly abnormal family have come back to me regularly.I have become unfocused and often alone while my husband is away frequently on business and my daughter busy with school and friends.

I am seeking the help of a therapist and taking care of myself but I would love to read something to help me “get my groove (理想状况)back” and reengage with life.

PC

Dear PC，

From the letter you’ve given us about your life，it’s no wonder you’re feeling a little lost.But before prescribing titles to help you get your groove back，I’d recommend taking a journey into Rebecca Solnit’s non­fiction book，A Field Guide to Getting Lost，which is packed with the wisdom of everyone from Pat Barker to Thoreau and Keats.

The word lost is rooted in the Old Norse “los”，meaning the disbanding of an army.“This origin suggests soldiers falling out of formation to go home，ceasing fighting with the wide world.I worry now that many people never disband their armies，never go beyond what they know，” Solnit writes.So instead of fearing that lost feeling，try seeing its potential for discovery.Explorers，remember，are always lost simply because they’re forever someplace new.

“Leave the door open for the unknown，the door into the dark，” Solnit advises.“That’s where the most important things come from，where you yourself came from，and where you will go.”

For something that asks a little less of the reader while still giving plenty in return，try a dose(一剂) of Anne Tyler，the beloved creator of numerous heroes whose serious conditions will move anyone who finds themselves in a midlife difficult situation.One such character is 53­year­old Rebecca Davitch，the heroine of Back When We Were Grownups.Like you，she’s combined marriage and motherhood with a career but suddenly finds herself feeling lonely in her own home.Could it be，she wonders，that she’s “turned into the wrong person”？Don’t be fooled by the way this novel ambles along—as Rebecca revisits youthful ambitions and the college boyfriend she abandoned，it asks some heart­rending questions before arriving at a place of graceful，joyous acceptance.

Along similar lines，I’m also going to recommend The Unlikely Pilgrimage of Harold Fry by Rachel Joyce.Its hero is 65 when he learns that a former colleague sick.On his way to post her a note，he decides instead to visit her— on foot，from his home in deepest Devon to England’s northernmost town，more than 600 miles away.You don’t manage that without focus！It’s a journey to a holy place that will take him 87 days to complete，during which he considers his childhood，marriage and relationship with his son，and becomes an accidental media sensation (轰动)．By the time he reaches his destination，you’ll feel anything but tired.

Finally，Ruth Ozeki’s novel A Tale for the Time Being will charm the missing spark back into your life.Combining the diary of a sad Tokyo teenager with the story of the middle­aged novelist who finds it，washed ashore on a remote island off the coast of British Columbia，it’s a beautiful illustration of how our lives touch—and are touched by—others in ways we mightn’t even be aware of.This Man Booker Prize finalist has plenty to teach about Zen Buddhism，and unless you happen to live in one of its settings，it provides a bracing change of scene，too.

One other suggestion：books，as we all know，make great companions but that doesn’t mean they can’t be enjoyed in the company of others.If you find yourself home alone，why not slip one into your back pack and head out to a favourite café.

9．What has mainly led to PC’s negative attitude to life?

A．The lack of helpful books.

B．The blow of her father’s death.

C．The contrast between her devotion to others and her being ignored.

D．The contrast between her easy life and her family members busy life.

10．By mentioning the origin of the word lost，Textual Healing implies that________．

A．PC should extend her knowledge by reading more

B．PC should stop struggling with anyone around her

C．PC had better try to avoid going someplace new

D．PC oughtn’t to be trapped in her present situation

11．Who clarifies the idea in his/her work that people are socially related?

A．Rebecca Solnit.　　　　　      B．Anne Tyler.

C．Rachel Joyce.           D．Ruth Ozeki.

12．Which of the following can be the proper title?

A．Which books will cure loneliness?

B．How can you get rid of loneliness?

C．Here are good examples for you

D．Books will keep you busy and healthy

                                                                               D

Basic Study Manual　Hardcover：$37.50

Future success depends on the ability to learn.Here are the answers to the questions most often asked by parents，teachers，business trainers and by students themselves.Read this book and learn：

●What the three barriers to study are and what to do about them

●What to do if you get tired of the subject you are studying

●Twenty­six simple drills to help you learn how to study easily，rapidly and with full understanding

Buy and read Basic Study Manual and use it to dramatically improve your ability to study.

Study Skills for Life　Hardcover：$31.99

L．Ron Hubbard’s study technology for teenagers opens the door to their future success by giving them the ability to study and learn，fully illustrated for easy comprehension.

Learning How to Learn　Hardcover: $24.99

The basics of effective study for 8­to 12­year­olds is fully illustrated.Children who read and apply the materials in this book regain their liking for study and their ability to apply this knowledge to life.Get this book for a child you want to see wins at his studies!

How to Use a Dictionary: Picture Book for Children Hardcover: $34.90

In spite of millions of dollars spent on “educational research”，children are not taught the most basic skills of learning even the most basic of these：how to use a dictionary.In fact，a search of educational books for children found no book that told them how to use a dictionary or that one should.Written for children from 8 to 12 years old，this fully illustrated book will teach your children：

●How to find words in a dictionary

●The different ways that words are used

●What the different marks and symbols that are used in a dictionary mean

●How to use a dictionary to correctly pronounce words

It includes a section for parents and teachers showing you how to use this book with children.Buy this book and give it to your children to unlock their education.What’s more，you’ll just pay 50% for it before May 1，2016.

13．Some information of the four books was illustrated in order to________．

A．reduce the cost of them

B．appeal to readers of all ages

C．help readers understand them

D．make them suitable for different readers

14．What do the four books have in common?

A．They are all for 8­to 12­year­olds.

B．They are all written by L．Ron Hubbard.

C．They are all study books.

D．They are all based on educational research.

15．If you buy the four books on April 1，2016，you will have to pay________ for them.

A．$129.38　　　　　　　　     B．$64.69

C．$34.90     D．$111.93

16．The purpose of the passage is to ________．

A．introduce the four books to readers

B．help children to learn English

C．sell the four books to students

D．enrich students’ knowledge about nature

                                                                                  E

We tend to think of plants as the furniture of the natural world. They don’t move，they don’t make sounds and they don’t seem to respond to anything—at least not very quickly. But as is often the case，our human’s view of the world misses quite a lot. Plants talk to each other all the time.And the language is chemical.

Over the years，scientists have reported that different types of plants，from trees to tomatoes，release compounds(化合物) into the air to help neighboring plants.These chemical warnings all have the same purpose — to spread information about one plant’s disease or infestation so other plants can defend themselves.But exactly how plants receive and act on many of these signals is still mysterious.

In this week’s Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences，researchers in Japan offered some explanations.They had identified one chemical message and traced it all the way from release to action.

The scientists looked at tomato plants infested by a common pest，the cutworm.The researchers studied leaves from exposed and unexposed plants.They found one compound showed up more often in the exposed plants.The substance is called HexVic.When the scientists fed HexVic to cutworms，it knocked down their survival rate by 17%.The scientists identified the source of HexVic，and sprayed it lightly over healthy plants.Those plants were then able to start producing the cutworm­killing HexVic.Researchers confirmed that uninfected plants have to build their own weapons to fight off bugs and disease.How do they know when to play defense? They are warned first by their friendly plant neighbors.

It is a complex tale，and it may be happening in more plant species than tomatoes.It may also be happening with more chemical signals that are still unknown to us.Further studies are needed to increase agricultural efficiency.

17．How do plants warn their neighbors?

A．They make use of winds.

B．They release some chemicals.

C．They identify the chemicals.

D．They are exposed early.

18．What’s the function of HexVic?

A．It damages the cutworm’s body.

B．It shows up more.

C．It cures the disease.

D．It sprays over healthy plants.

19．It can be inferred from the text that________．

A．there are not chemical signals

B．the phenomenon may be happening in less plant species than tomatoes

C．farmers may benefit from the further studies

D．plants are warned first by their neighbors

20．The passage is likely to appear in ________．

A．a newspaper advertisement

B．a physics textbook

C．a science magazine

D．a finance report

参考答案及解析：

Passage A

【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了未来气候的变化对人和动物的生存环境的影响。

1．

解析：选B。推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“Based on new analysis，we are rapidly approaching major climate change and the effects on society and the environment could be quite severe.”可知，最新研究数据表明，世界的气候变化已经严重地影响了社会和环境。而接下来的几段则是围绕气候变化对社会和环境具体的影响而展开的，由此可推知，第一段主要是介绍文章的主题。故选B项。

2．

解析：选A。细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“The planet itself has been showing signs of change.”可知，列举最近地球上所发生的地震是为了说明地球正在发生着重大变化。故选A项。

3．

解析：选C。细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Geographers predict that within the next eighty years，current world climate zones could shift and some could completely disappear.”可知，地理学家预计在未来的八十年中，现在的世界气候带可能会改变，有的可能会完全消失，C项中说世界气候带可能会变化并会完全消失，与文中描述不符，故C项错误；根据第二段第一句“Climate changes like these could lead to the spread of diseases.”可知，B项正确；根据第二段最后一句“If the changes come too quickly，animal and plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear.”可知，A项正确；根据倒数第二段最后一句“Natural disasters are becoming more frequent and serious.”可知，D项正确。故选C项。

4．

解析：选D。推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“However，other planets are experiencing global warming as well as our own and some scientists believe there may be some connection between this.”可知，地球并不是唯一一个在经历气候变化的星球。故选D项。

Passage B

【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。该文章主要介绍了现在流行的实验购物的优点和可行性。

5．

解析：选D。推理判断题。根据文章第二段的if you think back to a fantastic summer from your youth，you might easily remember an abstract sense of warm sunshine and youthful exuberance(生气勃勃)，but you’re less likely to remember exactly what you did day­by­day.可知抽象感是看不见、摸不着的。故选D。

解析：选A。推理判断题。根据文章第四段的In general，people adapt to experiences more slowly than to material purchase.可知你应该购物前去体验店体验一下。故选A。

7．

解析：选B。推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中的关键词prefer，说明人们挣多少钱表示人们获得多大的满足感。故选B。

8．

解析：选C。细节理解题。根据文章第四段的第一句话Purchasing may have a negative impact on happiness because consumers often buy “joyless” material possessions，resulting in comfort but not pleasure.可知购买实物后人们总是后悔自己的决定。故选C。

Passage C

【解题导语】　本文是一篇书信文阅读。该文章以PC向心理医生的求助来引出主题，以书信的方式推荐几本能够帮助人们摆脱孤独的书籍。

9. 解析：选C。推理判断题。根据文章PC部分的I have always taken care of everyone and managed a career，but，after the death of my father this summer，my difficulties as a child in a terribly abnormal family have come back to me regularly.I have become unfocused and often alone while my husband is away frequently on business and my daughter busy with school and friends.可知她对家人投入很多，但当她失去父亲时丈夫和孩子都忽略了她，她的心理不平衡，所以就迷失了方向。故选C。

10．

解析：选D。推理判断题。根据文章Textual Healing部分的第一段中的I’d recommend taking a journey into Rebecca Solnit’s non­fiction book，A Field Guide to Getting Lost，which is packed with the wisdom of everyone from Pat Barker to Thoreau and Keats.及第二段中的Explorers，remember，are always lost simply because they’re forever someplace new.可知建议换换环境，不要老是困在目前的处境中。故选D。

11．

解析：选D。细节理解题。根据通读文章的倒数第二段，并根据首句Finally，Ruth Ozeki’s novel A Tale for the Time Being will charm the missing spark back into your life，及it’s a beautiful illustration of how our lives touch—and are touched by—others in ways we mightn’t even be aware of.是Ruth Ozeki在自己的作品中分享了这种观点。故选D。

12．

解析：选A。标题归纳题。通读全文可知这位心理医生主要想通过介绍几本书来帮助PC治疗孤独症。故选A。

Passage D

【解题导语】　本文是一篇广告，主要向读者推荐了四本书。

13．

解析：选C。推理判断题。本文是一篇关于四本书的推荐广告，对这四本书的介绍，有助于读者对它们有所了解，从而有选择性地购买，故选C项。

14．

解析：选C。推理判断题。根据这四本书的书名以及相关介绍可推知，这四本书都是与学习有关的，故选C项。

15．

解析：选D。细节理解题。根据每本书的价格和文章的最后一段可知，前三本书是原价，而第四本书在2016年5月1号前购买是半价，那么四本的总价应该是：$37.50＋$31.99＋$24.99＋$34.90×50%＝$111.93，故选D项。

16．

解析：选A。推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可推知，本文是一篇关于四本书的推荐广告，目的是给读者推荐几本书，故选A项。

Passage E

【解题导语】　人们倾向于认为植物是大自然的装饰品。它们不能移动，不能发出声响，看起来不对任何事情作出反应。但是情况常常并非如此，植物一直都在说话。

17．

解析：选B。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“scientists have reported that different types of plants，from trees to tomatoes，release compounds(化合物) into the air to help neighboring plants.”可知，不同种类的植物通过释放一些化合物进而帮助附近的植物，即B项正确。

18．

解析：选A。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“When the scientists fed HexVic to cutworms，it knocked down their survival rate by 17%.”和“Those plants were then able to start producing the cutworm­killing HexVic.”可知，A项正确。

19．

解析：选C。推理判断题。由文章的最后一句可推知，通过进一步的科学研究可以提高农业效率，农民会从中受益，即C项正确。

20．

解析：选C。推理判断题。根据文章内容可推知，本文应该是一篇科研报告性质的文章，即C项正确。