英语跟中文的标点符号用法不一样哦,那么来理解学习英文标点的用法吧
(2013-02-01 11:55:21)
书、笔、纸、墨水。
大家看看上面的句子,句中用的是什么标点呢?相信谁都会说是:顿号和句号啦。在英文句子里,也有顿号(、)和小圈儿句号(。)吗?上面的句子以英文来写的话,就应该是:
Book, pen, paper, ink.
可见在英文里是不用顿号和中文式句号的。标点符号在中、英文里的写法和用法有好多差别。下面就让我们从一个中文里所没有的标点开始吧。
-------------------------------------------------
一、Apostrophe (')省字符号、所有格符号
这个标点在中文里是没有的;但在英文里却随处可见。主要用在下列几方面:
* 表示所有格 (所有格的变化也不少,详细情形容后再谈)
* 缩写式
* 表示一些数字、字母、日期、缩写的复数形式
1.1 所有格 (Possessives):(注意:下列所有格只用在动物方面)
1.1.1 在名词(有生命的)后加上 's 表示单数所有格:
1. Sarah's coat is black. 莎拉的外套是黑色的。(Sarah's=莎拉的)
2. The boy's hat. (这男孩有一顶帽子)
3. The boy's hats. (这男孩有好几顶帽子)
4. Jones's office. (Jones 只有一个音节,结尾是 s, 所有格加 's)
5. Jones' sweet tooth is legendary. (Jones 的结尾是s,
而接下来的词又以s开始,那么,所有格就只加 ' 喔,真好玩!)
6. Moses' mouth is wide. (Moses 的尾音有重复的z音,所有格只加 ')
7. Louis' candy is sticky. (Louis有不止一个音节,结尾s,所有格只加 '
。为什么呢?好玩极了!)
8. My mother-in-law's house. (monther-in-law
之类的复合名词,所有格's加在结尾处)
9. The Surgeon General's report is due soon. (Surgeon
General是复合词,同上。)
======= 哎呀!是不是觉得很乱?让我们归纳一下:
A. 一般单数名词(有生命的!),所有格只在结尾加 's (第1-3句)
B. 如果单数名词尾是s, 或ce,所有格只加 '或 's (第4句)
C. 如果单数名词尾是s, 而跟着是以S开头的词,所有格只加 ' (第5句)
D. 如果单数名词尾音有重复的s或z音,或是eez音,所有格只加 ' (第6句)
E. 如果B项的名词只有一个音节(syllable),所有格只能加 's (第4句)
F. 如果B项的名词有二个以上音节,所有格则只加 ' (第7句)
G. 复合词类处理法同A。(第8-9句)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1.2 二人(或其他动物)以上的所有格表示法:
1. The boys' shoes. (在复数boys尾加上 '而不是 's 喔)
2. The women's bags. (woman 的复数是 women, 所有格是 's)
3. The children's caps. (child 的复数是
children,和women同类型,所有格加's)
4. The actresses' hats. (actress 的复数是 actresses,因为结尾是 es, 因此所有格只加
'便可)
5. The babies' toys. (baby 的复数是 babies,结尾有es,因此所有格只加 ')
6. Ms. Joneses' house. (Joneses 是Jones 的复数)
7. My mothers-in-law's house. (注意是motherS 喔,所有格还是加 's)
===== 同样来归纳一下:
A.简单复数名词(同样是有生命的喔)的所有格写法是:先将原来单数名词结尾加s变成数,然后在结尾处再加上
'即成。(第1句)
B. 如果复数名词是由改变其内的韵母形成的,所有格同单数名词一样,结尾加上 's(第2-3句)
C.如果复数名词尾是es, 所有格只加 ' (第4-6句)
D.如果是复数复合名词,则先将主要单数名词转成复数,然后在复合名词尾加上's(第7句)
-------------------------------------------------
1.1.3 如果是几个名词并列的,所有格 's 加在最后一个名词尾:
1. Joe and Linda's house is being
sold. 乔和琳达的房子已卖了。(这里表示房子是Joe和Linda所共有)
-------------------------------------------------
1.1.4 如果几个名词是个别表示所有格时,每个名词尾都须加上 's :
1. Mike's and Molly's grades have
improved. 迈克和莫莉的成绩已有进步。(这里表示迈克和莫莉各别的成绩都有进步)
-------------------------------------------------
1.1.5 不定式名词的所有格是在词尾加 's:
1. I need someone's help with my homework. (someone
指某人,所有格someone's某人的)
-------------------------------------------------
1.1.6 代名词的所有格不可加上 '或 's :
1. Shella, whose eyes are blue? (whose哪个人的,已有所有格的意思)
2. This book is hers, not yours. (hers她的,yours你的)
3. It hurt its paw. (its 它的)
4. It's a nice day. (it's 是 it is 的意思,不属于所有格)
5. That is your right. (your 你的)
=================================================
1.2 缩写式(Contractions):
1.2.1 在字词、日期中一部份字母或数字被省略,以 ' 代之 。
1. She wouldn't work for the gov't in '93. (wouldn't=would not,
gov't=government, '93=1993)
1.2.2 名字、头衔的缩写格式可省略 '
1. Lt. Wm. Jones visited us. (Lt. =Lieutenant, 不可写成 L't ,
Wm=William, 不可写成 W'm)
=================================================
1.3 复数形式(Plurals):
1.3.1 当一个词在句子里能清楚反映其复数意义时,不可再加 ':
1. Don't give me any ifs, ands, or buts. (不可写成 if's , and's ,
but's)
-------------------------------------------------
1.3.2 在句子里,当一个词仅仅作为一个词时,其复数形式可加 's 使其含意更清晰:
1. He used twenty-five and's in one
paragraph. 他在一段里用了25个and字。
-------------------------------------------------
1.3.3 日期、数目字、只取首字母的缩写词(acronyms)这类以大写字母结尾时,复数形式只需加上 s ,不必再加上 '
:
1. Seven Ph.D.s lived in this building in the 1970s. (Ph.D.s
不可写成Ph.D.'s, 1970s 也不可写成 1970's)
-------------------------------------------------
1.3.4 当一个大写字母的复数形式可能会被误解时,可加上 's 以表示复数:
1. The Roman Numerals for the number eight is a V followed by three
I's. 罗马数字八的写法是V后加上三个 I 。(这时如果 I's 只写成 Is , 就可能引起误解)
=================================================
逗号/逗点在中文或英文里是再普通不过的一个标点符号;可是,它的用法在中文和英里可就不一定相同了。
二、Comma (,) 逗号、逗点
在英文里,逗号的用途有:
* 连接句子里不同的成份
* 分开句子里不同的成份
* 突出句子里的某个成份
* 替代句子里的某个成份
成份指:词、短语(phrase)、子句(clause)等。
2.1 连接句子里不同的成份
2.1.1 逗号用在以 and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet
等连接词的两个主要子句之间:
1. My father is fond of fishing, but my mother prefers hiking. (以
,but 连接两个子句)
2. He painted the exterior of the house, and she painted the
interior. (以,and 连接两个子句)
========================================================
2.2 分开句子里不同的成份
2.2.1 用逗号分开两个以上的并列形容词:(如果并列的形容词之间可加上and,
but等,那就加上逗号;否则不可)
1. That tall, distinguished, good looking fellow. (可写成 He is a tall
and distinguished fellow.)
2. She is a little and old lady. (不可写成 She is a little, old
lady.)
----------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.2 在两个修饰主语的短语之间加上逗号(句短可不加):
1. While waiting for the bus on that cold rainy night, she started
sneezing. (主语she)
2. At 10 o'clock the bus arrived. (不必写成 At 10 o'clock, the bus
arrived.)
----------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.3 在 Jr., Sr., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Inc.,
等名称之前及后都要加上逗号(除了所有格的名称):
1. They identified him as Howard R. Williams, Jr., chairman of
their board.(,Jr.,)
2. That is Howard R. Williams, Jr.'s
company. (,Jr.'s 后面不可再加逗号)
----------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.4 在追问句之前加逗号:
1. Do it, won't you? (Do it 是命令语气,won't you?是追问)
2. You know the answer, don't you?
3. It is warm today, isn't it?
----------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.5 一个以副词或副词短语开头的句子,如果它和前面的句子有关联的话,必须在有关副词或副词短语后加上逗号:
1. She believed he had the talent to succeed. Unfortunately, he was
lazy.(后一个句子以副词 unfortunately 开头,同时这个句子和前一个句子有直接的关联)
----------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.6 在句子里有超过三个并列词或短语等,在最后一个,and, or, nor等之前加逗号:
1. He promised to supply the pencils, pens, and notebooks for the
class. (简单说就是 pencils, pens, notebooks 要写成 pencils, pens, and
notebooks)
2. Her mother sells tomatoes, potatoes, apples, and peaches.
(...apples, and...)
3. She ran up the stairs, across the porch, and into the
house. (up the staris, across the porch, into the house
是三个短语,在最后一个加 ,and)
4. We all agreed that she was beautiful, that she was intelligent,
and that she was ambitious. (三个 that she was...都是子句 )
-------------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.7 在句子中加上逗号,以免引起误解:
1. That she knew where the money was, was news to me. (如果was, was
之间不加逗号,是不是会引起误解呢?)
2. Outside, the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of broken
branches. 外面的草坪上到处是断枝。 (如果outside 后去掉逗号,
那意思就变成"在草坪的外面到处是断枝。")
------------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.8 用逗号分开引用句:
1. "You are beautiful," he said. (这个逗号要放在引号内)
2. Our teacher said, "Freedom is not
license." (...said,)
3. "No," she said, "I was just testing your patience." (No,
/....said,)
4. "Perhaps,"Tom responded, "I will try anyway." (Perhaps,
/responded,)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.9 逗号用以分开星期、月日、年份:
1. On Monday, May 5,2000, her first child was born. (Monday, May
5,2000, )
2. On March 8, 2003, he bought a new car. (March 8, 2003,
)
3. June 2000 is one of the most meaningful of my
life. (只有月和年,就不必加逗号)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.10 逗号用以分开地名、省名、国名、街道名、巷弄名等:
1. Linda lives at 1234 Amarillo Ave., #1, Palo Alto, CA 94303,
U.S.A.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.11 逗号用在 such as 和 especially 的前面:
1. They enjoy outdoor sports, such as hiking and riding.
2. He likes all extracurricular activities, especially basketball
playing.
===========================================================
2.3 突出句子中某个插入成份(Parenthetical elements):
所谓插入成份,是指在句子中去掉它也可成立的成份。插入成份一般是感叹词、状语、副词子句等。
2.3.1 句子里插入的词、短语、子句等,加上逗号以示插入成份:
1. He knew, however, that no one would listen to his warning. (
插入however)
2. No, you may not come with us. (插入 No)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
2.3.2 用逗号分开"乃此非彼"的结构:
1. Jane, not Shirley, will attend the meeting. (是 Jane,不是
Shirley)
2. He wanted to see Mr. Wu, not Mr. Hu. (是吴先生,不是胡先生)
3. Some say the world will end in ice, not fire. (是冰,不是火)
4. It was her money, not her charm or personality, that first
attracted him. (为的是她的财富,不是为了她的妩媚或个性)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
2.3.3 句中有非限制性的词或短语之类,以逗号标出以示插入成份:
1. Her husband, Bill, is a scientist. (Bill 为插入成份)
2. Kent Howard, my English teacher, is from America. (插入成份 my
English teacher)
3. Her father, who is a famous scholar, teaches English.(插入成份 who
is afamous scholar)
4. Eleanor, his wife of thirty years, suddenly decided to open her
own business. (试将插入成份 his wife of thirty years
去掉,句子是否也能成立?)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
2.3.4 句中的城市名如果和它的省、州、国名并列,省、州、国名前后须加逗号:
1. We visited Hartford, Connecticut, last summer. (Connecticut
为插入成份)
2. Paris, France, is sometimes called "The City of Lights." (France
为插入成份)
3. Hartford, Connecticut's investment in the insurance industry is
wellknown.(Connecticut's 为所有格式,后面不可加逗号喔)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
2.3.5 句中带着连接词(but, and, or...)的插入成份的前面不可加上逗号:
1. The Red Sox were leading the league at the end of May, but of
course, they always do well in the spring. (but 的后面不可加逗号)
2. The Tigers spent much of the season at the bottom of the league,
and
even though they picked up several promising rookies, they
expect to be there again next year. (and 的后面不可再加逗号)
-----------------------------------------------------------
2.3.6 向人说话时,逗号放在对方名字或称谓之后、之前或者前后都加:
1. John, come here. (John, 逗号在名字之后)
2. Open the door, John. ( ,John 逗号放在名字之前)
3. It is, Sir, not my fault. ( , Sir, 逗号放在称谓前面和后面)
===========================================================
2.4 替代句子里某个成份
2.4.1 用逗号替代句子里某部份,表示字词的省略:
1. The lion is the symbol of courage; the lamb, of meekness. (the
lamb, of meekness 原本应该是 the lamb is the symbol of
meekness)
2. George was the hard worker, John, the lazy one. (John, the lazy
one 原本应该是 John was the lazy one)
===========================================================
终于搞定。你说英文逗号容易用,还是中文逗号容易用?
标点(Punctuation)好好玩
三、Period / Full Stop (.) 句号、句点
句号的写法,在英文里是个小黑点(.),可在中文却是个小圈儿(。)(在科学技术文章里也可用"小黑点")。用法也有些差异,在英文方面,最"好玩"的是用在缩写方面:
* 句号用在陈述句、祈使句及礼貌问句等的句尾
* 句号用在缩写方面
* 句号用在数目字方面
3.1 句号用在陈述句、祈使句及礼貌问句等的句尾:
3.1.1 用在陈述句(Declarative sentence)尾,表示句子结束:
1. I am leaving now.
2. Ailan and Xiaodong are my friends.
-------------------------------------------------
3.1.2 用在祈使句(Imperative sentence)尾,表示句子结束:
1. Close the door.
2. Turn in your papers, please.
--------------------------------------------------
3.1.3 用在礼貌的、祈使性的、以及间接疑问句(Interrogative sentence)尾,表示句子结束:
1. Will you please send me three copies. 麻烦你给我三份。(不要看到Will
you...就在句尾加问号喔)
2. Since when am I supposed to believe this. 我什么时候会相信这个呢。
3. He asked if you can come. 他问你能不能来。
==============================================
3.2 句号用在表示缩写(Abbreviation,
Acronym):
3.2.1 缩写词(Abbreviation):(将一个字词省略其中某些字母,字尾须加句号)
1. 称呼:Mr. = Mister, Mrs.= Misteress, Dr. = Doctor, Mim. = Ministor
/Ministry , Esq. = Esquire (先生)
2. 时间:yr. = year, min.=minute
3. 星期:Mon. = Monday, Tues. = Tuesday, Wed. = Wednesday, Thurs. =
Thursday, Fri. = Friday, Sat. = Saturday, Sun. = Sunday
4. 月份:Jan. = January, Feb. = February, Mar. = March, Apr. = April,
Jun. = June, Jul. = July, Aug./Ag. = August, Sept. = September,
Oct. = October, Nov. = November, Dec. = December (注意:oct. =
octave八度, nov. = novelist
小说家, dec. = deceased亡故)
5. 国名:Afr. = Africa / African, Aus. = Austria / Austrian, Fr. =
France / French, Ger. = Germany, It. = Italy / Italian
6. 其他:etc. = et cetera (等), Xmas. = Christmas, min. = minimum /
minor, max. = maximum, pc. = piece, Ltd. = Limited, num. =number /
numbers (No. = Number 第几号之意)
-------------------------------------------------
3.2.2 Acronym (只取首字母的缩写词):
1. 公元:A.D. = Anno Domin(公元),B.C. = Before Christ(公元前)
2. 邮政:G.P.O. = General Post Office, C.O.D.= Cash on Delivery, P.O.
/ p.o. = Postal Order, R.T.S. = Return To Sender
3, 时间:a.m. /A.M. = ante meridiem 上午, p.m. / P.M.= post
meridiem下午
4. 国名:U.K. = United Kingdom, U.S.A. = United States of
America
5. 其他:F.O.C. = Free Of Charge, R.I.P. = Rest In Peace 愿他安息, r.p.m.=
Revolution Per Minute, P.T.O. / p.t.o. = Please Turn Over
翻下页,P.T.A. = Parent-Teachers' Association 家长教师协会
-------------------------------------------------
也许是大家觉得缩写词后加个小黑点是件麻烦事,因此有些就干脆省掉它,下面是一些不加句点的缩写词:
1. 组织名:UN, UNESCO, WTO
2. 数目:$75 , 2nd , 5th , Henry V
3. 常用词:memo , math , exam , lab , dorm , TV , CD , VCD ,DVD, PS
=Postscript 附言,SARS (现在是无人不知其大名的了!)
4. 度量衡: mm , cm , km , g , mg , ml , kw , kv
====================================================
3.3 句号用在数字方面:
3.3.1 表示小数点:
1. $12.50 , ¥200.20 , RM4.45, 50.45%, 5.2 kg
----------------------------------------------------
3.3.2 用于大纲列表:
例: I. 第一学期体育教学
1. 游泳
a. 自由式
注意:在括号内的数字或字母,不可加句号:
(3), (b), (Iv)
====================================================
其实Period一点也不好玩的,你说是吗?
标点(Punctuation)好好玩
四、Ellipsis (...) 省略号
英文省略号的写法是三个小黑点(...),而中文是则是六点(......)。用法如下:
4.1 句子删节
4.1.1 表示在引号中的删节:
1. "...into that good night."
2. "You won't..." Lois began. (错误:"You won't...,")
3. "Then you'd blast off...on screen, as if you were looking
out...of a spaceship."
-------------------------------------------------
4.1.2 在句子中间删节,跟着省略号的字母必须小写:
1. He agreed that prices were...reasonable.
-------------------------------------------------
4.1.3 句尾删节,要点四点(....):
1. She disagreed with the decision.... (最后一点是句号? )
=================================================
4.2 表示在对话或叙述中的停顿、犹豫、踌躇、语气强调等:
1. Clutching at his throat, he gasped, "Help...help me."
2. He seemed nervous...stared straight ahead...kept twitching and
jerking...then he ran for shelter.
3. You mean...I...uh...we have a test today?
=================================================
4.3 段落的删节
4.3.1 删节一段以上,以一行小点代之:
This is paragraph 1.
................................. (表示删节第2-4段)
This is paragraph 5.
---------------------------------------------------
4.3.2 如果段落删节开始开某段的中间,点四点表示下面的文字被删节:
This is.... (这里点四点,表示从这里开始删节)
....................(这里点一行,表示其中的段落被删节)
This is paragraph 5.
---------------------------------------------------
4.3.3 如果删节的最后一段只省略中间的一部份,最后一段的开始处点三点:
This is paragraph 1.
................................
...is paragraph 5. (...表示它之前的第五段文字被省略)
====================================================
4.4 表示连结 (以一长串小黑点表示)
4.4.1 用于目录:
Chapter 3.........................................page 45
====================================================
五、Quotation Marks 引号 (当没有特别说明时为双引号"" Single Quotation Marks单引号‘
')
5.1 直接引用,这是最常见的用法:
5.1.1 引号内的引用句为原句:
1. She said, "Hurry up." 她说:"快点儿。" (注意中、英标点用法不同处)
2. "I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
3. The sign changed from "Walk," to "Don't walk," to "Walk" again
within 30 seconds.
4. "I'm finally tired enough to get to sleep," she yawned.
(这里的引用句结尾是逗号,不可用句号喔)
5. They shouted,"Congratulations!" through the door.
-----------------------------------------------------
5.1.2 如果引用句本身为陈述句,而整句为问句,那问号就要加在引号之后:
1. Did he say, "I am going to college next year"?
(注意是"......"?问号在引号之外喔)
2. Do you agree with the saying,"A living dog is better than a dead
lion"? (整句是问你同意引号内的那句话吗,所以问号要加在句尾)
------------------------------------------------------
5.1.3 如果引用句本身是个问句,那问号就要加在引号内:
1. Did he say, "Are you going to college next year?"
(这里"......?"这个问句要放在引号内。不可写成 Did he say, "Are you going to college
next year?"?)
2. She asked, "Will you still be my
friend?" (句尾同样不可再加问号喔)
------------------------------------------------------
5.1.4 引用的字或短语如在整句中并无中断,这时就不必加上逗号:
1. The phrase "lovely, dark and deep" begins to suggest ominous
overtones.
------------------------------------------------------
5.1.5 如引用句属于句子的一部份,在引号前加冒号(:):
1. My mother's favorite quote was from Shakespeare:"This above all,
to thine own self be true."
------------------------------------------------------
5.1.6 如果引用句内又有引用句,那就要用单引号(‘ ')以示区别:
1. George explained, "I heard her say, ‘Go away!'so I
left."
2. He said, "Mary said,‘Do not treat me that way.'"
(注意句尾的句号是在单引号内,而句尾的单引号和双引号之间不可再加标点)
-------------------------------------------------------
5.1.7 引用句有两段以上时,只在每一段开始用引号("),直到结束段最后才加引号("):
"This is paragraph 1 (这里只用")
"This is paragraph 2 (这里也只用")
"This is paragraph 3." (最后就要用"")
-------------------------------------------------------
5.1.8 多人对话式引用句,各对话各占一段:
"I'll do my best,"he said. (引用句结尾用的是逗号,而不是句号,因为接着有he
said)
"How old is he?"she asked.
"According to his passport he's thirty-one." (这里的引用句结尾用句号,因为没有he
said)
"And what is his real name?"
"Wilson."
"Edward Wilson,"she said softly.
==================================================
5.2 引用句属"无声对话",加不加引号都可以:
1. Oh, what a beautiful morning, Curly said to himself. (Oh, what a
beautiful morning 这句话是Curly 对自己说的,并没发出声音,不必加上引号)
2. "Oh, what a beautiful morning!" Curly said to
himself. (加上引号也行)
==================================================
5.3 间接引用语不可加上引号:
1. The President said that NAFTA would eventually be a boon to
small businesses in both countries. (The President said
后面的话并非原话,因此不必加上引号)
2, Professor Villa told her students the textbooks were not yet in
the bookstore.
==================================================
5.4 文章、报告、评论、短篇故事、诗歌、戏剧、电影等标题/篇名都用引号
5.4.1 在句子中提到的标题或篇名用双引号(""):
1. My favorite short story is "The Treasure."
(句尾的句号放在引号内是美国式的;英国式的则放在引号外"The Treasure".)
2. My favorite peom is Robert Frost's "Design."
3. The poem "Trees" was written by Joyce Kilmer.
("Trees"在句中,不可加其他标点)
4. "The Time Machine" is my favorite film.
5. What do you think of William Shakespeare's "Henry V"?
(除了句号及逗号,其他如问号等的位置,须视句子而定)
--------------------------------------------------------
5.4.2 在报章标题中出现的引号,应为单引号(‘ '):
1. Congress Cries ‘Shame!'
===================================================
5.5 特殊词汇
5.5.1 当引号加在一个专门术语或特别强调的词汇上时,引号前不可加逗号:
1. Doctors refer to the red blemish as an "hemangioma." (不可写成...as
an, "hemangioma.")
2. Sartre's treatment of ‘being',as opposed to his treatment
of‘non-being', has been thoroughly described in Kaufmann's
book. (哲学上的关键概念应用单引号,奇怪喔)
六、Colons (:) 冒号
冒号在中文或英文里都是一个相当常见的标点符号,在用法上也大致一样。注意:
* 冒号前不可有空格
* 冒号后可加一空格
* 冒号后千万不要加- (如 :-)
---------------------------------------------------
大家先来看看下面的例子,你以为句子中的冒号用法对吗?
For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food,
water, and a flashlight.
如果你的答案是对,那你就错了!这是一个常见的冒号用法上的错误。正确的用法,看下去就会明白了。这里且让我们从最简单的用法开始吧。
------------------------------------------
6.1 冒号用在公函上收信人的称呼
Dear Sir: (你看,冒号前没有任何空格喔)
We were very honored to have you come visit our company.
============================================
6.2 冒号用于分开标题和副标题(当一标题需要进一步说明时所加上的副标题)
1. Math Applications: Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks
(标题Math Applications和副标题Using Calculus to Determine the Age of
Rocks之间以冒号隔开)
2. I recommend Chinnery's book Oak Furniture: the British
Tradition. (Oak Furniture是书名,the British Tradition是副标题)
=============================================
6.3 冒号必须加在完整句子或独立子句之后
最常见的冒号用法上的错误就是将冒号放在完整句或独立子句的中间。看看下面的例子:
Every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer, and a
saw.
其中Every repairman must
have是不是有完整的意思呢?显然意思并不完整。因此句子中的冒号是多馀的。如果要用冒号的话,上面句子应该写成下面的样子:
There are three things every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a
hammer, and a saw.
看看冒号前There are three things every repairman must
have,它是不是有完整的意思呢?"每一位修理员必备三样东西"可见意思是完整的,虽然你还会问是哪三样东西呢?因此冒号后面就列出那三样东西了。
现在我们知道在冒号前必须是的完整意思的句子或子句,跟冒号后的可不一定是个句子或子句。它可能是一个列表,甚至可能只是一个单词。因此前面举的那个例子错在哪里也就明白了吧。下面给出它的正误句:
错误句:For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag,
food, water, and a flashlight.
正确句:For our camping trip, I brought various essential items: a
lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
--------------------------------------------
6.3.1 一些例子
1. Africa is facing a terrifying problem: perpetual drought(持续干旱).
(冒号后说明非洲所面对的困境)
2. The situation is clear: if you have unprotected sex with a
stranger, you risk AIDS. (说明你的处境是什么)
3. She was sure of one thing: she was not going to be a housewife.
(说明她肯定的是什么事)
4. We found the place easily: your directions were perfect.
(说明为什么那么容易找到那个地方)
5. Several friends have provided me with inspiration: Tim, Ian, and
above all, Larry. (说明是哪几个朋友)
------------------------------------------------
6.3.2 反过来也行
1. Saussure, Sapir, Bloomfield, Chomsky: all these have
revolutionized linguistics in one way or another.
================================================
6.4 冒号用于注明引用圣经的章节
1. The story of Menahem is found in II Kings 15:1422.
================================================
6.5 冒号用于表示比例
1. Among students of French, women outnumber men by more than 4:1.
(4:1=4比1,用文字说就是by more than four to one)
================================================
6.6 冒号用于表示时间(美国式)
1. 2:15 (两点十五分) (英国式 2.15)
2. 11:30 (A) (上午十一点三十分) (英国式 11.30 am)
Hello, boys and girls!
欢迎你进入标点站,标点全家早已恭候多时了!人不可貌相,小小的标点威力可大着呢,有时它稍一变动,就可以让句意面目全非。不信?那就看看下面的句子吧:
John, the bus driver is coming. 约翰,司机过来了。(John表示称呼,the bus
driver是主语。)
John, the bus driver, is coming. 司机约翰过来了。(John是主语,the bus
driver是进一步说明John身份的同位语。)
标点如此重要,我们可得把它们位置写准哟!不过,英语和汉语中的标点有些不同之处,写之前我们可要心中有数才行:
1.
英语中的句号用实心点(.),省略号是三个连续点(...),而汉语里的句号用空心点(。),省略号用六个点(……)。
2.
列举事物时汉语中用顿号(、)点开,而英语中没有顿号,只用逗号(,)表示列举。
3.
英语中没有书名号(《》),表示书报、杂志、电影或戏剧等的名称时常用斜体。如:
Do you like A Tale of Two Cities?
你喜欢《双城记》吗?
好了,还是快来看看英语标点在四线格中的“全家福”吧!
注意:“,”和“.”要写在紧靠在第三线的上方,而不是第二格中间;“:”和“;”的下端与“,”和“.”的位置相同,上端稍低于第二线;引号“”与大写字母的上端相齐;“?”与“!”大致与大写字母同样高。
OK!让我们快来练练身手吧!在四线格上抄写下列对话:
A: Who’s that?
B: Sorry, I... I don’t know.
C: Lily says:“That’s Jim.”
A: Oh, good! Let’s go and play games with
him.
本文转自:中小学教育资源站(http://www.edudown.net )原文链接:http://www.edudown.net/student/English/fudao/200607/8618.html
破折号不能分割不完整的句子,也就是说破折号两边的句子成分必须完整.
这里有一些资料可供参考:
1.英:用来表示或突出同位语。例如:
Only one thing is now wanting—a
refrigerator.现仅缺少一件东西——冰箱。
汉:用来引出行文中解释说明的语句。例如:
……水作深黑色,泛着油光。留心看时,水面细细地在那里动,其中游泳着无量数的蚊虫的前身——孑孓。
2.英:用来概括前面列举的若干东西。例如:
New houses,larger schools,more sheep,more pigs and
chickens,morehorse and donkeys—everywhere we saw signs of the
commune's
prosperity.新房子,扩建的学校,更多的猪、羊、鸡、马和驴,到处(是)我们可以看到公社的繁荣景象。
汉:表示总结上文。例如:
中国反是,军力、经济力和政治组织力是比较地弱的,然而正处于进步的时代,其战争是进步的和正义的,又有大国这个条件足以支持持久战,世界的多数国家是会要援助中国的。——这些,就是中日战争互相矛盾着的基本特点。
3.英:用来表示犹豫或迟疑。例如:
I—I—I rather think—maybe—Amy has taken
it.我——我——我想——也许——是爱梅拿了吧。
汉:表示犹豫不定或迟疑。例如:
我希望是那样——但是——那就是——啊,我来试一下吧。
4.英:用来表示意思的突然转折。例如:
“And may I ask—”said Xiao Wu;“but I guess it's better for you to
ask himabout
it.”“我可以问——”小吴说,“不过我想还是你问他的好。”
汉:表示意思转折。例如:
呵,省里派来的?敢就是李克,特派李克——不,移作特派员的巡行指导员李克?
5.英:用来表示反问。例如:
It is clear—is it not?—that we must practise strict
economy.很清楚——不是吗?——我们必须厉行节约。
汉:用两个破折号引进疑问形式。例如:
“自然物质”——是不依赖发音器官?不依赖大脑?不依赖神经元?不依赖传递声波的空气?——语言竟会在一种连马尔本人也说不清楚的环境中“成长”。……
6.英:表示在说话时有意地中断了一下,以便强调或引起别人注意破折号后面要说的话。例如:
In a word,the spirit of the whole country may be described
as—self-relianceand arduous
struggle.总而言之,整个国家的精神可以说是——自力更生,艰苦奋斗。
汉:表示语气的停顿。例如:
有一次是除夕,大家都回去过年——我的家那时还在上海,也不想进城去玩——L夫妇知道我独在,就打电话来请我吃火锅。
7.英:用在一个引用的句子前面(代替一个冒号,或与分号一起连用)。例如:
Uncle Wang laughingly answered—“No,no;stay where you
are.”王大叔笑着回答说:“哦,不用了,不用了,就呆在那儿吧。”
汉:用于引语之前。例如:
心底下的微语,突又响亮到可以使方罗兰吓得——你说是反动,是残杀么?然而半个城是快意的?
8.英:用在一个解释性的插入语前面和后面,相当于一个括号。(这种用法在英国英语中尤为普遍)。例如:
Then the proposals—both Xiao Yang's and mine—were
adopted.后来两个建议——小杨的和我的——都被采纳了。
汉:把解释性话语放在两个破折号之间,第二个破折号后面可以用逗号表示句中停顿。例如:
蜘蛛进行交际使用的当然不是语言——蜘蛛连声音也发不出——,它靠得是蜘蛛所传达的“波”分辨。
9.英:用在一个解释性的分句或句子前面。例如:
How lucky the girls nowadays are!—they can go anywhere,say
anything.今天的女孩子多幸福啊!她们哪儿都能去,什么话都能说。
汉:破折号引出的话对前面一个陈述句进行解释。例如:
樽开柏叶酒,灯发九枝花。——“柏”与“九”本不能对,“柏”与“百”同音,因而与“九”为借对。
10.英:用来表示“从……到……”的概念,尤指生卒年份。例如:
William Shakespeare,1564—1616,is one of the greatest poets and
dramatistsin the history of Bristish
Literature.威廉·莎士比亚(1564——1616)是英国文学史上的伟大诗人和剧作家。
汉:用于年份之间,表示时段或人物的生卒年。例如:
1939——1940年我又在上海写了《春》的续篇《秋》。
11.英:用来补充说明,特别是在非正式文字中。例如:
We'll be arriving on Monday morning—at least,I think
so.我们将在星期一上午抵达——至少我是这样想的。
汉:表示补充说明前面的分句。例如:
掉转身,望着小窗外的黑夜,——一个冷漠的冷酷的昆明的黑夜。
------------------------------------------------------------------
英语中分号用法
分号有时又称为小句号。它表示一个停顿,其停顿时间在逗号与冒号的停顿时间之间。文章如采用许多分号,其风格则变得严肃、正式。为了正确使用分号,有必要先学会辨认主句。当两个主句没有任何连接词(and,
but, or, nor,
for)连接而出现在同一个句子里,这时最好采用分号使之分离。分号的主要作用很简单,它常用于分离没有连接词连接的句子。但最好不要在从句之间形成如此之强的停顿。如果你要连接从句,而又不愿意用连接词时,则采用分号。
一般说来,分号的作用介于逗号和句号之间,即用分号隔开的两部分之间的关系,比用句号隔开的紧密,但不及用逗号分开的紧密。
1)用于并列句之间。
例句:
People make history; unusual people make history
interesting.
Your car is new; mine is six years old.
2)分隔已有逗号的并列成分,以避免歧义。
例:
Folow this procedure:first,get your apllication forms; next, fill
them out; last, pay the charge.
3)用于由for example, namely, in
fact等引出的分句之前。
例:
Tom is well-liked; in fact, he is the most popular person in the
class