请大家注意用颜色凸显出来的句子。可以将本篇作为精读，翻译一下整篇文章。

Jon Clark's study of the effect of the
modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange
maintenance work and workers is a solid
contribution to a debate that encompasses two
(5)lively issues in the history and sociology of
technology: technological determinism and social
constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a
technology have a decisive influence on job skills
(10) and work organization. Put more strongly,
technology can be a primary determinant of social
and managerial organization.Clark believes this
possibility has been obscured by the recent
sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman's
(15) analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery
reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of
a technological system is subordinate to the
manager's desire to wrest control of the labor
process from the workers. Technological change is
(20) construed as the outcome of negotiations among
interested parties who seek to incorporate their own
interests into the design and configuration of the
machinery. This position represents the new
mainstream called social constructivism.
(25)The constructivists gain acceptance by
misrepresenting technological determinism:
technological determinists are supposed to believe,
for example, that machinery imposes appropriate
forms of order on society. The alternative to
(30) constructivism, in other words, is to view technology
as existing outside society, capable of directly
influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists
by both theoretical and empirical arguments.
(35) Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of
relationships between social and technical variables.
Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to
cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is
just scrap unless it is organized functionally and
(40) supported by appropriate systems of operation and
maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how
a change at the telephone exchange from
maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches
to semielectronic switching systems altered work
(45) tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration,
and organization of workers. Some changes Clark
attributes to the particular way management and
labor unions negotiated the introduction of the
technology, whereas others are seen as arising from
50) the capabilities and nature of the technology itself.
Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is
social choice decisive and when are the concrete
characteristics of technology more important?"

第一段: 作者首先肯定了C的研究对在科技决定论TD和社会建构论SC之争的可靠贡献; 该段就一句话, 算是全文主题句
第二段: 通过引入以B为代表的当时主流的社会建构论, 说明C所持的科技决定下的社会构建论的全面性;
第三段: 指出主流的社会建构论不足; 是过渡段
第四段: 详述了C如何从理论上和实验上两个方面驳斥了社会建构论的极端化, 并提出他的主张: 科技决定下的社会建构论