瑞士心理学家荣格Carl Gustav Jung在《心理类型学》书中，提出了一种性格分类理论，按照人的态度类型和意识功能不同，可以划分为8种性格类型。MBTI在此基础上发展成为16种类型，MBTI介绍详见明镜。

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人的2种态度类型

荣格指出，人的心灵能量libido的活动倾向于外部世界，就是外倾型的人，倾向于自己内心世界，就是内倾型的人。

外倾型Extraversion的人关注外部世界的人和事物，喜爱社交，热情、健谈、果敢和合群，从与人交往中获得能量，独处时容易感到厌倦。

内型倾Introversion的人关注自己的内心世界，喜好沉思，克制、寡言，喜欢独处，从中获得能量。虽然喜欢与亲密朋友交流，但与一大群人相处时感到疲惫。

人的4种意识功能

荣格将人的意识功能分为接受信息的感知功能Perceiving Functions和做出决定的判断功能Judging Functions。

感知功能有2种：

感觉Sensation，通过人的视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉这5种基本感觉器官获得的具体和有形的信息.

直觉Intuition，通过直觉获得的想法、意象、可能性等抽象和无形的信息。

判断功能有2种：

思考Thinking，使用客观和逻辑来做出判断。

感觉Feeling，使用价值观和合情来做出判断，例如善恶、喜好和厌恶等。

上述4种意识功能，按照外倾和内倾的不同，组成8种不同的认知过程。荣格认为每个人对8种认知过程的使用偏好是不一样的，处于支配地位的那一种称为主导功能，决定一个人的性格特征。8种认知过程详细描述如下，英文原文的作者Linda V. Berens和Dario Nardi为美国MBTI专家：

Se - Extraverted Sensing

Extraverted Sensing occurs when we become aware of what is in the physical world in rich detail. We may be drawn to act on what we experience to get an immediate result. We notice relevant facts and occurrences in a sea of data and experiences, learning all the facts we can about the immediate context or area of focus and what goes on in that context. An active seeking of more and more input to get the whole picture may occur until all sources of input have been exhausted or something else captures our attention. Extraverted Sensing is operating when we freely follow exciting physical impulses or instincts as they come up and enjoy the thrill of action in the present moment. A oneness with the physical world and a total absorption may exist as we move, touch, and sense what is around us. The process involves instantly reading cues to see how far we can go in a situation and still get the impact we want or respond to the situation with presence.

Se - 外倾感觉

在我们注意到物质世界丰富细节的时候，Se出现了，我们于是被那些能立刻得到结果的体验所吸引。我们注意到海量的材料和体验中相关的事实和事件，获悉当前关注的环境或区域中所有的事实和正在发生的事情。我们可能一直努力寻找更多的输入信息来拼凑出整幅图画，直到所有的输入来源都被穷尽或者被其它事物吸引。当我们自由地跟随那些令人兴奋的身体冲动或本能，享受当下行动中的强烈快感，这正是Se在运作。当我们移动、触摸、感受周围的事物时，我们可能融入到物质世界中。这一过程包含立即获悉提示来看出我们在一种情形下能走多远，仍然能得到我们想要的影响或者作出现场的回应。

MBTI类型：ESTP、ESFP

Si - Introverted Sensing

Introverted Sensing often involves storing data and information, then comparing and contrasting the current situation with similar ones. The immediate experience or words are instantly linked with the prior experiences, and we register a similarity or a difference—for example, noticing that some food doesn’t taste the same or is saltier than it usually is. Introverted Sensing is also operating when we see someone who reminds us of someone else. Sometimes a feeling associated with the recalled image comes into our awareness along with the information itself. Then the image can be so strong, our body responds as if reliving the experience. The process also involves reviewing the past to draw on the lessons of history, hindsight, and experience. With introverted Sensing, there is often great attention to detail and getting a clear picture of goals and objectives and what is to happen. There can be a oneness with ageless customs that help sustain civilization and culture and protect what is known and long-lasting, even while what is reliable changes.

Si - 内倾感觉

Si常常涉及数据和信息的存储，然后将当前的情形与类似的进行比较和对比。我们将眼前的体验和词语立刻与先前的体验联系起来，记录它们的相似性或差异，例如，注意到一些食物口味不同或比平常要咸。当我们看到一个人而想起另一个人的时候，Si也在运作。有时候，与我们回忆的图像相关联的情感会伴随着一起出现，这种回忆是如此的强烈，让我们有昨日重现的感觉。这个过程还包括回顾过去，吸取历史的、事后的和经验的教训。Si的作用使得我们十分注重细节，得到目标、目的和将要发生的事情的清晰画面。这是一种统一的永恒习俗，有助于保持文明和文化，保护已知的和持久的东西，即使在发生了可靠的改变时还是如此。

MBTI类型：ISTJ、ISFJ

Ne - Extraverted iNtuiting

Extraverted iNtuiting involves noticing hidden meanings and interpreting them, often entertaining a wealth of possible interpretations from just one idea or interpreting what someone’s behavior really means. It also involves seeing things "as if" with various possible representations of reality. Using this process, we can juggle many different ideas, thoughts, beliefs, and meanings in our mind at once with the possibility that they are all true. This is like weaving themes and threads together. We don’t know the weave until a thought thread appears or is drawn out in the interaction of thoughts, often brought in from other contexts. Thus a strategy or concept often emerges from the here-and-now interactions, not appearing as a whole beforehand. Using this process we can really appreciate brainstorming and trust what emerges, enjoying imaginative play with scenarios and combining possibilities, using a kind of cross-contextual thinking. Extraverted iNtuiting also can involve catalyzing people and extemporaneously shaping situations, spreading an atmosphere of change through emergent leadership.

Ne - 外倾直觉

Ne包含注意到隐含的意义并加以解释，经常喜欢从一个想法引发大量的可能性解释，或者解释某个人行为背后真正的含义。Ne也包含看到事物“好像”有着真实的多种多样可能表现方式。使用这个过程，我们基于“一切可能都是正确”的想法，立刻应对我们脑海中许多不同的想法、思想、信念和意义，这就象将许多的主题和线索编织起来一样。除非一个思路浮现出来或者从相互作用的想法中找出一个思路，这个思路常常是从其它环境引进，否则我们不知道如何编织。因此一个策略或者概念是从思想此时此地的相互作用中浮现出来的，而并非事先就以一个整体出现。使用这一过程，我们能够真正享受头脑风暴，相信所浮现的思路，享受各种情景和可能性组合的富有想象力的演出，使用一种跨环境的思考方式。Ne也包含促进人们和形成临时的态势，通过自然领导力散播一种改变的氛围。

MBTI类型：ENTP、ENFP

Ni- Introverted iNtuiting

Introverted iNtuiting involves synthesizing the seemingly paradoxical or contradictory, which takes understanding to a new level. Using this process, we can have moments when completely new, unimagined realizations come to us. A disengagement from interactions in the room occurs, followed by a sudden “Aha!” or “That’s it!” The sense of the future and the realizations that come from introverted iNtuiting have a sureness and an imperative quality that seem to demand action and help us stay focused on fulfilling our vision or dream of how things will be in the future. Using this process, we might rely on a focal device or symbolic action to predict, enlighten, or transform. We could find ourselves laying out how the future will unfold based on unseen trends and telling signs. This process can involve working out complex concepts or systems of thinking or conceiving of symbolic or novel ways to understand things that are universal. It can lead to creating transcendent experiences or solutions.

Ni- 内倾直觉

Ni包含综合那些表面似是而非或者矛盾的东西，将理解提高到一个新的水平。使用这个过程，在我们能获得全新的、从来没想到过的领悟，在突然间一声“啊哈!”或者“就是这样”之后，我们从当前事件的相互关系中脱离出来。对未来的感知和来自Ni的领悟是确切的，似乎必须采取行动来使我们专注于实现我们认为事物将来会怎么样的愿景或梦想。使用这一过程，我们可能依赖一个“意识聚焦装置”或者象征性行动去预测、启发或转换。我们可以发现自己能基于看不到的趋势和显现的迹象展现出未来将如何发展。这一过程包含从复杂概念、或者思考系统、或者象征性构想、或者新颖的方式中找到方法理解普遍的事物。它能够带来超验或者解决方案。

MBTI类型：INTJ、INFJ

Te - Extraverted Thinking

Contingency planning, scheduling, and quantifying utilize the process of extraverted Thinking. Extraverted Thinking helps us organize our environment and ideas through charts, tables, graphs, flow charts, outlines, and so on. At its most sophisticated, this process is about organizing and monitoring people and things to work efficiently and productively. Empirical thinking is at the core of extraverted Thinking when we challenge someone’s ideas based on the logic of the facts in front of us or lay out reasonable explanations for decisions or conclusions made, often trying to establish order in someone else’s thought process. In written or verbal communication, extraverted Thinking helps us easily follow someone else’s logic, sequence, or organization. It also helps us notice when something is missing, like when someone says he or she is going to talk about four topics and talks about only three. In general, it allows us to compartmentalize many aspects of our lives so we can do what is necessary to accomplish our objectives.

Te - 外倾思考

Te在应急计划、日程安排和量化时被运用到，帮助我们通过图表、表格、流程图、提纲等来组织周围的环境和想法。Te最擅长组织和监控人和事物以达到高效和达成结果。实证思维是Te的核心，当我们使用符合事实的逻辑质疑某人的观点时，或者对决定或者结论得出合理的解释时，常常试图在别人的思考过程中建立顺序。在书面或者口头交流中，Te帮助我们很容易地跟随别人的逻辑、顺序或者组织。它也帮助我们注意到漏掉的某些东西，比如发现一个人说他要谈及4个话题，但只说了3个。一般说来，它使我们将生活划分成为许多独立的方面，使我们能够去做对于达成目标来说是有必要的事情。

MBTI类型：ENTJ、ESTJ

Ti - Introverted Thinking

Introverted Thinking often involves finding just the right word to clearly express an idea concisely, crisply, and to the point. Using introverted Thinking is like having an internal sense of the essential qualities of something, noticing the fine distinctions that make it what it is and then naming it. It also involves an internal reasoning process of deriving subcategories of classes and sub-principles of general principles. These can then be used in problem solving, analysis, and refining of a product or an idea. This process is evidenced in behaviors like taking things or ideas apart to figure out how they work. The analysis involves looking at different sides of an issue and seeing where there is inconsistency. In so doing, we search for a “leverage point” that will fix problems with the least amount of effort or damage to the system. We engage in this process when we notice logical inconsistencies between statements and frameworks, using a model to evaluate the likely accuracy of what’s observed.

Ti - 内倾思考

Ti包含找到最恰当的词来清晰表达一个想法，这种表达是简洁的、明确的和直切要点的。使用Ti就象对某些东西的本质特性有一种内心的感觉，注意到它本身具有的细微差异并定义它。它也包括从类别推论出子种类和从总原理推论出子原理的内部推理过程，可以用于解决问题、分析和完善一个产品或者想法。这个过程在行为上表现为剖析事物或者想法，弄清它们是如何运转的，其分析过程包含从不同的方面看待一个问题和观察有什么地方不一致。这样一来，我们寻找对系统影响最小或者损害最小的“杠杆点”来解决问题。当注意到陈述和框架之间逻辑不一致的时候，我们运用这一过程，使用一个模型来评估所观察到的东西可能的准确性。

MBTI类型：INTP、ISTP

Fe - Extraverted Feeling

The process of extraverted Feeling often involves a desire to connect with (or disconnect from) others and is often evidenced by expressions of warmth (or displeasure) and self-disclosure. The “social graces,” such as being polite, being nice, being friendly, being considerate, and being appropriate, often revolve around the process of extraverted Feeling. Keeping in touch, laughing at jokes when others laugh, and trying to get people to act kindly to each other also involve extraverted Feeling. Using this process, we respond according to expressed or even unexpressed wants and needs of others. We may ask people what they want or need or self-disclose to prompt them to talk more about themselves. This often sparks conversation and lets us know more about them so we can better adjust our behavior to them. Often with this process, we feel pulled to be responsible and take care of others’ feelings, sometimes to the point of not separating our feelings from theirs. We may recognize and adhere to shared values, feelings, and social norms to get along.

Fe - 外倾情感

Fe经常包含一种与他人保持（或者断开）联系的期望，并经常通过表达热情（或者不悦）和自我表露显示出来。那种“社交风度”，如礼貌、体面、友好、体贴和恰当，经常包含在这一过程中。与人保持接触，开玩笑的时候与别人一起大笑，尝试让人们亲切相处也包含Fe。使用这一过程，我们对他人表达的和甚至是还没有表达的要求和需要做出回应。我们也许会询问他人想要什么或者需要什么，或者通过自我表露来促使他们更多的谈论自己。这样做常常引起相互交流，让我们更多地了解对方，以使得我们能更好的调整对待他人的行为。在这一过程中，我们经常感到被拉进责任感和照顾他人的情感之中，有时候达到了不区分自己和他人情感的程度。我们可能通过认可和坚持共同价值观、情感和社会规范来友好相处。

MBTI类型：ENFJ、ESFJ

Fi - Introverted Feeling

It is often hard to assign words to the values used to make introverted Feeling judgments since they are often associated with images, feeling tones, and gut reactions more than words. As a cognitive process, it often serves as a filter for information that matches what is valued, wanted, or worth believing in. There can be a continual weighing of the situational worth or importance of everything and a patient balancing of the core issues of peace and conflict in life’s situations. We engage in the process of introverted Feeling when a value is compromised and we think, “Sometimes, some things just have to be said.” On the other hand, most of the time this process works “in private” and is expressed through actions. It helps us know when people are being fake or insincere or if they are basically good. It is like having an internal sense of the “essence” of a person or a project and reading fine distinctions among feeling tones.

Fi - 内倾情感

很难用语言来表达Fi判断过程中使用的价值观，因为它们常常与语言难以描述的意象、情调和本能反应联系起来。作为一个认知过程，Fi经常作为一个信息过滤器，将有价值的、想要的、值得相信的筛选出来。在这个过程中，Fi持续权衡与情形相关的价值或者所有事物的重要性，耐心平衡生活中和睦与冲突的核心问题。当危及到某一价值观念，我们认为“有时候，一些事情实在不得不说”的时候，正是Fi在运作。另一方面，在大部分时间里这一过程是“私下”运作的，并通过行动表现出来。它帮助我们了解什么时候别人作假、不真诚或者本质上是好的。它如同对一个人或者一个投射的本质有一种内心的感觉，能够觉察各种情调的细微差别。

MBTI类型：INFP、ISFP

以上翻译参考了豆瓣的@穆穆清风、@自觉的自由、@稻田里的飞鱼的翻译，非常感谢3位。

原作者对荣格8种认知过程的描述不仅仅是陈述，还使用了比喻和拟人等修辞手法，需要译者本身对这8种功能也有较深刻的认识和理解才能准确把握原文意图和翻译成中文。我仅尽自己的理解勉强翻译，尚未完全道出精髓，不足之处敬请指正，谢谢。

以下为MBTI的16种性格类型的主导和辅助意识功能：

功能偏好	ISiTeJ	ISiFeJ	INiFeJ	INiTeJ
主导(第一位)	Si	Si	Ni	Ni
辅助(第二位)	Te	Fe	Fe	Te
功能偏好	ISeTiP	ISeFiP	INeFiP	INeTiP
主导(第一位)	Ti	Fi	Fi	Ti
辅助(第二位)	Se	Se	Ne	Ne
功能偏好	ESeTiP	ESeFiP	ENeFiP	ENeTiP
主导(第一位)	Se	Se	Ne	Ne
辅助(第二位)	Ti	Fi	Fi	Ti
功能偏好	ESiTeJ	ESiFeJ	ENiFeJ	ENiTeJ
主导(第一位)	Te	Fe	Fe	Te
辅助(第二位)	Si	Si	Ni	Ni

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