Passage one

(S) I’m scheduled to take a placement test in math on Saturday. Is this something I really need to do?
(A) It’s to your advantage to take the placement test, but you don’t have to.
(S) What’s the advantage of taking the placement test?
(A) If you take the math placement test and do well on it, you don’t have to take the beginning math class. You’ll be able to start with an intermediate or even an advanced math class if you get a high score on the placement test.

(S) And if I don’t take the math placement test, then I have to start with beginning math class?
(S) Well, then, … I think I can save myself an entire semester-long course if I do as well as I think I can. 

PASSAGE TWO

(P) Thanks for stopping by.

(S) No problem. Why did you want to see me?

(P) I need to go over the outline for your term paper.

(S) The outline for my term paper? … Is there a problem?

(P) Well, you have a good topic and lots of interesting ideas here, but the outline itself could still be better.

(S) Well, what can I do to improve the outline?

(P) I have two suggestions to improve the outline. First of all, you need to organize the ideas a little more clearly.

(S) So, you think I have enough ideas, but they need to be better organized?

(P) Exactly. And for my second suggestion, you don’t … uh… have much of a conclusion. You should really think about… uh… strengthening your conclusion.

(S) OK, I’ll work on the overall organization and the conclusion. Then what?

(P) Well, after you’ve improved these two areas, I’d like you to resubmit the outline, and we can discuss it some more.

(S) And when would you like the revised outline?

(P) Well, don’t take too long working on it. You really need to get the outline squared away so you can work on writing the paper. Let’s say within a week? You should get it to me no later than next week. 

Passage three

(P) Today, I’ll be talking about the information in Chapter 22 from the text, the chapter on conifers. You should’ve read the chapter already and turned in the answers to the ten questions at the end of the chapter.

   Do you know what conifers are? Well, conifers are the type of trees, such as pines, that have cones instead of colorful flowers. About a third of the world’s trees are conifers, and the vast majority of conifers are found in the great conifer forests of North America and Siberia. Conifers are hardy trees that have been able to survive well, and as a result, both the oldest and the biggest trees in the world belong to the conifer family. The oldest known living trees is a four-thousand-year-old bristlecone pine, which is located in California. The giant redwoods, which are also found in California, are the largest trees; they can be several hundred feet tall and weigh as much as 2,000 tons. An interesting note about the giant redwoods is that they are evergreens with needle-like leaves. The needle-like shape of conifer leaves evolved as a reaction to drought. When compared with a flat leaf, a needle presents a much smaller surface area, which decreases the amount of water lost through the leaves. Because most conifers are evergreens, they lose and replace their needles throughout the year, rather than shedding all their leaves in one season, as deciduous trees do. That’s all for today. For next class, you should read the next chapter and do the same with it that you did with the chapter for today. See you next class.

 PASSAGE FOUR

(P) Today, I’m going to go over the presentations you’ll be giving and what I’m looking for in them. I’m sure you’ll want to give really good presentations; the presentations are, by the way, 50 percent of your grade in the course… Did that get your attention? … That’s right. For each of you, your presentation is fully half of your grade in the course. Um, first, let me talk about the topic. This is a course about economic theory, so for your presentation I want you to choose one of the economic theories from the course and apply it to some present-day situation. This means that you need to include both the theory and the present-day situation and make it clear how, uh, how the theory is applicable to the present-day situation to demonstrate that it provides a good example of the theory you selected.

    Now, let me make it clear what I expect regarding the timing of your presentations. I’m going to be very strict about the timing. You have exactly five minutes to present, not a second more. And in this five minutes you have to present both the theory and the present-day example to show how they’re related. You’ll be stopped at the end of five minutes whether you’re finished or not, and… you can believe me … if you haven’t finished all the main points of your presentation within five minutes, your grade will suffer. Then, after you make your presentation, the other students’ll have five minutes to question you on your presentation. The question-and-answer period following the presentation will also last for five minutes, and all of the students in the audience are expected to be involved in questioning the presenter.

(S) Professor, what if we don’t know enough about the situation to ask question about it?

(P) It’s the responsibility of the presenter to provide enough information about the situation. If you’re unable to ask questions, then the presenter hasn’t done a very good job. The presentation needs to provide enough details about the present-day situation. 

C类汇总：

(W1) ①We certainly have a lot of study questions to review for our history exam.
(M) Yes, we do, but we’re almost finished. We only have two more questions to go.
(W2) Only two more questions? That’s great. Let’s get going on them, and we’ll be finished preparing for this exam… Now, what’s the next question on the study list?
(W1) The next question on the study list asks about famous historical places on the Outer Banks.
(W2) The Outer Banks? Where’re the Outer Banks?
(M) ②Look at the map in the book. The Outer Banks are a series of islands stretching along the coast of North Carolina
(W1) Now, the question asks about famous historical places on the Outer Banks. Can you come up with any?
(M) Um, let’s see. There’s the Lost Colony on Roanoke.
(W1) Can you see Roanoke Island on the map?

     That was where the Lost Colony was located.
(W2) Wait a minute. The Lost Colony? Wait was the Lost Colony?
(M) The Lost Colony was the group of settlers from England that landed on Roanoke Island in 1587. When a supply ship returned there three years later, the colonists had disappeared. To this day, no one knows what happened to them.
(W1) OK, I think Roanoke Island is one good answer to a question about famous historical places on the Outer Banks. Now, what about Ocracoke
     Island? Isn’t Ocracoke
     Island famous for something?

(W2) All I know about Ocracoke
     Island is that it’s where Blackbeard had his hideout.
(M) Blackbeard, the pirate?
(W2) Yes. Blackbeard had his hideout on Ocracoke
     Island, early in the eighteenth century. He used to move up and down the coast from his hideout on Ocracoke and attack ships and steal their goods.
(W1) OK, so we’ve got historical places on Roanoke Island and Ocracoke
     Island for answer to the question. Can you come up with any other historical places on the Outer Banks?
(M) What about the Wright Brothers? Didn’t they make their fights on the Outer Banks?
(W2) Yes, it was at Kill Devil Hills, outside of Kitty Hawk, that the Wright Brothers made their flights.
(M) On December 7, 1903, they managed to get a power-driven plane in the air, for just a short time. But the plane was flying.
(W2) Their first fight was only 12 seconds long. They tried four flights on the same day, and by the end of the day, they got the plane to stay up for 59 seconds, almost a full minute.
(W1) ③OK, I think we have enough information to answer that question. We’ve got historical places on Roanoke Island, OcracokeIsland, and Kitty Hawk.
(M) I agree. Why don’t we leave the question on the Outer Banks and move on?
(M2) Good idea. Only one more to go. We’re almost there. 

B P C 总汇总：

(P) ①Today, we’re going to talk about phyllotaxy. Phyllotaxy is a scientific term that refers to the arrangement of leaves on the stem of a plant. On most plants, leaves are arranged in a definite pattern. It’s very unusual for a plant to have randomly placed leaves. One of the main reasons why the leaves on a plant stem are arranged in an orderly way is to ensure that each leaf is exposed to the maximum amount of light with a minimum amount of interference from other leaves.

    ②The first type of leaf arrangement is the alternate arrangement. You can see this type of leaf of leaf arrangement, there’s only one leaf at each node, and a node, by the way, is the spot where the leaf’s attached to the stem.

    See in the diagram. In this type of leaf arrangement, there’re two leaves at each node, and these two leaves are opposite each other on the stem. This type of leaf arrangement isn’t as common as the alternate arrangement, with one leaf at each node.

    ④Where was I? Oh, OK. The last type of leaf arrangement that we’re going to look at is called the whorled leaf arrangement. This type of leaf arrangement is the least common of all. It isn’t as common as either the opposite or the alternate arrangement. In this type of arrangement, in the whorled arrangement, three or more leaves are attached to the stalk of the plant at the same node. In the diagram, you can see three leaves at the same node, and the leaf arrangement would still be considered a whorled arrangement.

    ⑤Now,… I hope you’ve been paying careful attention to this information about phyllotaxy,… because I … um… have an assignment for you that’s a bit different from the homework assignments you’ve had so far. Your assignment is to visit the university’s botanical garden. Were you aware that this university has quite an extensive botanical garden? In the botanical garden, there’re examples of many different kinds of plants, and each plant is labeled with the name of the plant as well as other information about the plant. For your assignment, you are to find three examples of each these different types of leaf structures, write down the names of the plants that have these leaf structures, and then turn in your lists on Friday. It’ll be quite easy for you to find examples of the alternate leaf structure because, as I said before, this is the most common type of leaf structure. It’ll be a bit more difficult to find examples of the opposite structure, but by far the most difficult leaf arrangement for you to find will be the whorled structure because this leaf arrangement’s so rare. You’ll have to spend some time finding examples of the whorled leaf arrangement in our botanical garden. See you on Friday with your lists… eh… Uh… Hold on for a minute! Just a word of warning… You’d better not put off the assignment until Thursday evening, as I’m sure many of you are used to doing. The botanical gardens close at sunset each day, so if you try to put this assignment off until Thursday evening, you won’t be able to get it done.