库尔斯克会战是第二次世界大战的欧洲东线战场中，德国与苏联于库尔斯克爆发的一场会战，双方共投入了超过250万名士兵和6000多辆坦克，是史上规模最大的坦克会战之一战。库尔斯克会战也是德军对苏联发动的战略性进攻，欲从由南北两端自中央夹击，合围歼灭中央突出部的苏联红军，重夺战略主动权，但由于苏联红军已做好严密防务和驻守数量极为庞大的兵力，德军进攻步调缓慢且损失惨重，因为南线意大利被盟军登陆了西西里岛，不得不抽调兵力防卫意大利而被迫撤退。此次战役后，苏联红军发动一连串巨型攻势，歼灭德军大批有生力量且赶出苏联领土，德军再也无法对苏联红军产生威胁。

1943年初，苏联红军在斯大林格勒战役中取得了决定性胜利后，乘胜进攻，收复大量失地，但德军在溃败的同时，南方集团军群司令曼施坦因元帅也开始计划向苏联红军反扑。他主动放弃了一些重要据点，诱使苏联红军深入，苏联红军在不断进攻中，战线越拉越长，而德军却趁机完成了兵力的集结。曼施坦因指挥刚组建的南方集团军群向顿涅茨河和第聂伯河之间的苏联西南方面军发起反击，西南方面军遭到了重创，其第5集团军遭到了毁灭，德军开始向哈尔科夫进攻，苏联红军被迫放弃一个月前刚刚攻占的哈尔科夫，后撤至库尔斯克南面的奥博扬地区，为防止战线的彻底崩溃，苏最高统帅部把第1坦克集团军从列宁格勒南调，此外第21和第64集团军也被从斯大林格勒调至这些方向，此后，战线趋于稳定。

曼施坦因的这次反击造成的一个后果就是以库尔斯克为中心的突出部的形成。在其北部，德国中央集团军群控制了奥廖尔一带。在其南面，曼施坦因的南方集团军群控制了别尔哥罗德地区。在突出部内的是苏联中央方面军和沃罗涅日方面军。苏德双方在此形成僵持，一场规模宏大的战役即将展开。

1943年7月5日早晨，大批德军在飞机和坦克的配合下开始进攻，但遭到苏联红军军的顽强阻击，损失惨重，只好转入防御。苏联红军先后在库尔斯克的北部和南部转入反攻，德军节节败退，只好退却。

苏联红军连续收复了奥廖尔，哈尔科夫，顿巴斯，基辅等重要城市。为此，莫斯科曾首次鸣放礼花炮祝捷。德军的“堡垒”计划彻底破产。

库尔斯克会战中，德军损失兵力50万人，损失坦克约2348辆，损失飞机2100架。苏联红军也为库尔斯克会战付出了惨重代价，损失兵力80多万，损失坦克3，064辆，损失火炮5，244门，损失飞机1，716架。

库尔斯克战场遍布着数以百计烧焦的坦克和飞机的残骸，以及无数的尸体。双方的区别在于：苏联红军在遭受了巨大损失的情况下仍然能按照计划开出防线发起全面反攻，而欧洲东线德军则失去了仅有的骨干力量。

库尔斯克会战的失利使纳萃德国永久性地丧失了战场主动权，此后德军再也没有在欧洲东线发起有威胁的攻势。

库尔斯克战役结束后，欧洲东线的战局演变成了苏联红军的长途进攻，苏联人收复了所有失地，征服了整个东欧，一路攻入德国，占领了柏林，并赢得了战争。德军再也不能反击或阻止苏联红军的推进，只能被迫开始了长途撤退。

苏联红军也为库尔斯克会战付出了惨重代价，损失兵力80多万，坦克3千多辆，但会战的胜利使苏联红军从此获得了战场的主动权。这次会战后苏联红军又向德军发动了连续攻势，收复大量失地，解放了基辅，苏联红军的各级指挥员也在战火中迅速成长起来，指挥艺术也越来越成熟。

会战中，苏联红军最高统帅部在组织方面军群之间的战略协同和战略预备队的使用方面都有较大改进，取得了在决定性方向大量集中兵力兵器的新经验；新编组的坦克集团军第一次用作扩大战果的梯队；航空兵彻底夺取了制空权。苏联红军战略指挥的特点是，指挥高度集中、选择行动时机适宜等。

但在此役中，显示德国士兵的素质仍然远在苏联之上，证明苏联军官即使吸收了实战经验，将领的盲目指挥令到苏联在后期仍然要蒙受更大的损失才能换取胜利。苏联损失的坦克，战机，人员数量都超过德军；坦克的损失数更是超过德军的三倍。在盟国的军事工业生产量不断提升的情况下，苏联的惨重损失还是可以在很短时间内得多补充，而德国却不能，导致一次重创苏联部队的战事变成了令第三帝国灭亡的致命伤。

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