1. Can you give a brief definition of Cross-cultural
Communication?
2. List some important terms you have learned in this
Unit. Make sure you understand what each of them refer to and how
they may affect cross cultural communication.
学习记录2
一、简答题（共 2 道试题，共 100 分。）
1.
Can you give a brief definition of culture
shock?
Provide two examples of culture shock,
please.
2. List some important terms you have learned in this
Unit. Make sure you understand what each of them refer to and how
they may affect cross cultural communication.
学习记录3
一、简答题（共 2 道试题，共 100 分。）
1. Can you make a short list of some major
differences between English names and Chinese names?
2 List some important terms you have learned in this
Unit. Make sure you understand what each of them refer to and how
they may affect cross cultural communication.
学习记录4
1. Please give a brief summary of the main ideas of
Unit 4. NO need to write in too many details, ONLY the key
aspects.
2. List some important terms you have learned in this
Unit. Make sure you understand what each of them refer to and how
they may affect cross cultural communication.
学习记录5
一、简答题（共 2 道试题，共 100 分。）
1. What are the major differences between Chinese
families and Australian families, in terms of the roles,
relationships, and expectations of the family members?
2. List some important terms you have learned in this
Unit. Make sure you understand what each of them refer to and how
they may affect cross cultural communication.
学习记录6
一、简答题（共 2 道试题，共 100 分。）
1. Can you give a brief definition of Non-verbal
Communication?
2. List some important terms you have learned in this
Unit. Make sure you understand what each of them refer to and how
they may affect cross cultural communication.
学习记录7
一、简答题（共 2 道试题，共 100 分。）
1. What do you think of the English language in terms
of synonyms, idioms, proverbs, euphemisms?
2.
How many idioms have you
learned altogether in this unit?
List all the animal idioms you
know.
学习记录8
一、简答题（共 2 道试题，共 100 分。）
1. Can you give a brief description of the process
from a primitive tribe to a global village in terms of
communication progress?
2. Think of the models of communication you have
learned in Unit 1. What kind of model we have with ‘an Electronic
Mind’?
二 专题讨论 （8个）
（一）
Read the passage and give a brief
analysis to the discussion questions.
Communication is the transfer of a
message from one person to another, so that it is understood, and
hopefully, it invokes a response. (See diagram 1)
i) Verbal -
language symbols
ii) Non-verbal - body language, gesture, clothing,
conformity with customs and norms, para-language - tone, volume,
pitch, emphasis, pauses, etc. It is said that about 65-70% of how
we communicate is through non-verbal means. (Some say up to
93%!)
In
normal everyday communication, the message does not always transfer
from the sender to the receiver. Such communication breakdown can
occur for a number of reasons. These barriers to effective
communication are often collectively referred to as noise.
(See diagram 2)
（二）
Read the passage and give a brief
analysis to the discussion questions.
The
American secretary at the Foreign Student Affairs Office always
smiles at every foreign student who visits there. A young man from
the Middle East misunderstands the smile and thinks that the
American lady is in love with him. But one day he ran into her in
the street and greeted her, yet she passed by as if she did not
recognize him. Angrily, he asked his American roommate: "Why are
Americans such hypocrites?" His roommate was surprised. “Why do you
think so?”
Questions for
Discussion:
1. Why do you think the young man from the Middle East got
angry? Try to explain it from a cross-cultural
angle.
2.What do
you think his roommate can do to help him better understand the
situation?
（三）
Linda
Walker is a new American teacher in her fifties and has asked her
new colleagues to call her Linda. She's been invited for dinner to
the home of her young Chinese colleague Xu, who is also an English
teacher. When Linda arrives, she is introduced to Xu's 5-year old
daughter.
“Hello, granny,”
said the little girl in English.
“No, not granny,”
the mother hurriedly corrected. “This is
Linda.”
“But why? She's
so much older than you! How can you be so impolite!” The little
girl was puzzled and protested in Chinese. Then Linda's face
flushed and didn’t know what to
say…
Fortunately, Linda didn’t
understand Chinese, though she could sense something was wrong from
the little girl’s reaction.
Questions for
Discussion:
1. What was the reason for the awkwardness in this situation?
2.Why did the little girl think it was impolite to call Linda
by her first name?
3. Suppose you are
the mother, what would you explain to both the little daughter and
Linda?
（四）
Read the passage and give a brief
analysis to the discussion questions.
Dinner with
Friends
Janice is a young
American engineer working for a manufacturing joint venture near
Nanjing. She and her husband George, who is teaching English at a
university, are learning Chinese and enjoying their new life. They
have been eager to get to know Chinese people better so were
pleased when Liu Ling, Janice’s young co-worker invited them to her
home for dinner.
When Janice and
George arrived, Liu Ling introduced them to her husband Yang Feng,
asked them to sit down at a table containing 8 plates of various
cold dishes, served them tea and then disappeared with her husband
into the kitchen. After a few minutes Liu Ling came back and added
water to their tea. Janice offered to help in the kitchen but Liu
Ling said she didn’t need help. She invited the couple to look at
their new CD player and their color TV and then disappeared
again.
A half-hour later
she came back and sat down and the three began to eat. Yang Feng
came in from time to time to put dish after hot dish on the table.
Most of the food was
wonderful but neither George nor
Janice could eat the fatty pork in pepper sauce or the sea
cucumbers, and there was much more than they could eat. They kept
wishing Yang Feng would sit down so they could talk to him. Finally
he did sit down to eat a bit, but quickly turned on the TV to show
them all its high tech features. Soon it was time to go
home.
George and Janice
felt slightly depressed by this experience, but returned the
invitation two weeks later. They decided to make a nice American
meal and felt lucky to find olives, tomato juice, crackers and even
some cheese in the hotel shops. They put these out as appetizers.
For the main course they prepared spaghetti and a salad with
dressing made from oil, vinegar and some spices they found in the
market.
When Liu Ling and
Yang Feng arrived they were impressed by the apartment and asked
the price of the TV, video player, vacuum cleaner and other things.
Janice politely refused to answer their questions. They took small
tastes of the appetizers and seemed surprised when both George and
Janice sat down with them. They ate only a little spaghetti and did
not finish the salad on their plates. George urged them to eat more
but they refused and looked around expectantly. Janice and George
talked about their families and jobs and asked the Chinese couple
about theirs. After a while, George cleaned the table and served
coffee and pastries. Yang Feng and Liu Ling each put four spoons of
sugar into their coffee but did not drink much of it and ate only a
bite or two of pastry.
After they left,
George said that at least they had a chance to talk, but Janice was
upset. “We left their place so full that we couldn’t walk and
they’re going to have to eat again when they get home. What went
wrong?”
Questions for
Discussion:
1. Why did
George and Janice feel slightly depressed after the dinner at Liu
Ling’s home? And why was Janice upset when Liu Ling and Yang Feng
left?
2.What
differences in food culture, do you think, contribute to the
communication difficulties?
3. What
advice can you give to both couples to help them further their
friendship?
（五）
Read the passage and give a brief
analysis to the discussion questions.
Zhong
Min had a very good American friend Sue. The two usually ate lunch
together and Zhong Min often asked Sue for advice on problems she
faced adjusting to American society. Sue gave Zhong Min a lot of
advice and helped her improve her English. Once Zhong Min urgently
needed a large sum of money to pay her tuition fee. Since she had
no other friends in the States, she asked Sue for help and promised
that she would return the money soon.
Zhong
Min was disappointed when Sue didn’t seem happy to lend the money.
Though Zhong Min returned the money two months later, the two
didn’t get along well from then on.
Questions:
1. What’s
the problem? What are the differences between what American and
Chinese people expect from their
friends?
2. What
would you give to both so they could get to know each other
better?
（六）
Read the passage and give a brief
analysis to the discussion questions.
Sun Yan was very happy
to hear that she had been accepted by TDP Company, a well-known
American company in Beijing, in which she had been looking forward
to finding a position. When she came to the office on her first day
and was introduced to her boss, Mr Blake, she could tell at once he
was a kind of person and easy to get along with.
Everything went
smoothly. My Blake and Sun Yan worked together well. Mr Blake had
confidence in Sun Yan and regarded her as sweet, smart and
efficient. He would often discuss things together with Sun Yan
before making decisions. One day when she ws ordering her files in
the room outside Mr Blake’s office, Sun Yan heard Mr Blake opening
his door and calling her. She looked up and saw Mr Blake extending
his left hand, palm up, beckoning her with the forefinger. She put
her work down at once and went into Mr Blake’s office. Mr Blake
then asked to hear her opinion about a new project.
Later that day, Sun Yan
felt a little depressed. She recalled every detail of the day and
to try to recall anything which may have upset her and finally
found the answer. And when she recalled that scene again, she
couldn’t help viewing Mr Blake in a rather less favorable light
than before.
Questions:
1. What did Mr
Blake do that made Sun Yan suddenly change her opinion about him?
Why?
2. What would you
do in order to better understand Mr Blake’s gesture if you were in
Sun Yan’s situation?
（七）
Read and think about each of the
following proverbs (with the Chinese equivalents given). Then
choose at least two of them and discuss in
groups.
1. A miss is as good as a mile. 失之毫厘，谬以千里。
2. A stitch in time saves nine. 小洞不补大洞吃苦。
3. All good things must come to an end. 天下没有不散的宴习。
4. Desperate disease must have desperate remedies. 重病需要猛药医。
5. Don’t have too many irons in the fire. 一口吃不成胖子/ 心急煮不成熟饭。
6. Every dog has his day. 人皆有得意时。
7. Forgive and forget. 不念旧恶。
8. Haste makes waste欲速则不达。
9. Kill not the goose that lays the golden eggs. 不要杀鸡取蛋。
10.Like father like son. 有其父必有其子。
11.Many hands make light work. 众人拾柴火焰高。
12.Other countries, other manners. 十里不同俗。
13.Spare the rod and spoil the child. 不打不成器。
14.Strike while the iron is hot. 乘热打铁。
15.Waste not, want not. 不浪费，不缺愁。
（八）
Read the passage about Shen-Lan’s
experience and try to focus your discussion on the
questions.
Can A Chinese Young Lady Become An
American Woman?
Environments
significantly influence one’s cognition, effect, and behavior. One
feels the impact of the different culture especially when one comes
into a foreign country. Shen-Lan, who is from Taiwan, was satisfied
for her first twenty-five years of life because she was surrounded
by the people who have loved her and whom she has loved. Her
friends used to ask her why she looked very happy all time. Even
though her parents limited her behavior or activities because of
social bias, she accepted those controls because she understood her
parents really loved her. Also, her parents did everything for her,
such as taking care of her, cooking for her and making decisions
for her. She complied with what her parents expected. She had never
left home before she came to America. When she came to America,
culture shock obviously influenced her self-concept, self-esteem,
and self-presentation.
In Chinese culture, she
was taught to be interdependent. She had to care not only about
herself but also about the people who were around her, for example
parents, siblings, and friends, even neighbors. However, in
American society, she noticed that everyone was very independent,
and minded his or her own business, and nobody cared about one
another. Because she did not want to get hurt, she knew that she
had to make some changes. In her self-concept, she changed her
interdependent view to an independent view.
Using a different
language, the major reason for culture shock, really injured her
self-esteem. Shen-Lan graduated from a well-known university in
Taiwan, and she felt proud of that. When she came to America, she
was supposed to be good at English, but she was not. After this
realization, she tried to study hard in English to match her
standards. However, she had studied English for one year, yet she
did not improve greatly. She lacked self-confidence to speak
English, so her self-esteem decreased.
The change in
self-concept and self-esteem was reflected in her
self-presentation. Because Shen-Lan wanted to become independent,
and she was afraid that she disturbed others with her personal
problems, so she began to isolate herself. For English, she did not
give up because of her high goal to meet her own and the
expectations of others. She tried to avoid talking to her friends
who speak the same language though she felt lonesome. She
recognized and learned the new cultural rules and expressed it
through a different self-presentation.
The three social
self-components of Shen-Lan: self-concept, self-esteem, and
self-presentation were influenced by culture shock. Shen-Lan tried
to be independent, became aware of her self-esteem, and learned
American behavior. Right now, she starts to think about having a
pet. Can she become an American woman? After a few years, we will
see.
Discussion
Questions:
1. What culture
shock did Shen-Lan experience?
2. What changes
took place in her? How could she have avoided or lessened the
culture shock?
3. If you were in
her situation, what would you have done? What other suggestions
will you give her so that she could enjoy more pleasant and more
successful cross-cultural experience?
1. Xiao
Wang meets Peter at the airport and says to him: “Morning, Peter!”
In this case, the source of information is ________ .
A.
Xiao Wang
B.
Peter
C.
the airport
D.
“Morning, Peter!”
2. There are two kinds of cross-cultural
communication: unilateral communication and
_________.
A.
successful communication
B.
verbal communication
C.
bilateral communication
D.
unsuccessful communication
3. Utterance meaning in a face-to-face communication refers to
_________.
A.
what the speaker has intended to convey in what
is said
B.
what what is said normally means
C.
what the hearer has understood on the basis of
what is said
D.
the associative meaning words have
4. When
we are in a social gathering, we must be aware of the rules and
procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed. These
rules and procedures are technically called _________.
A.
anecdotes
B.
goals
C.
gestures
D.
schema (schemas)
5. Which
doesn’t belong to the group in a cross-cultural situation?
_________.
A.
Head movements
B.
Social values
C.
Facial expressions
D.
Body contact
6. When
you are invited for a western meal, you’re offered a second helping
but you have already had enough. What would you
say? “_________”
A.
Oh, thanks. That tastes awful.
B.
No, I don’t want that.
C.
No, I don’t like it.
D.
That was delicious but I’ve already had plenty,
thanks.
7. Most
Americans see themselves as separate _________,
not as representatives of a family, community or other
group.
A.
independence
B.
individuals
C.
customers
D.
cultures
8. It is
right to ask children or teenagers their age. But it is not
normally _________ in English speaking societies to ask an adult
their age - and never a woman!
A.
considerate
B.
inappropriate
C.
impolite
D.
polite
9. The
American child is nurtured to be _________, to be able to do
whatever he could by himself, ever since he was born.
A.
independent
B.
good-looking
C.
obedient
D.
private
10. One
way of talking about the different stages in getting used to life
in a new country is the distinction of euphoria, depression,
_________ and acceptance.
A.
criticism
B.
admiration
C.
adjustment
D.
shock
二、判断题（共 5 道试题，共 30 分。）
1. In
face-to-face communication, non-verbal signals are not as important
as verbal messages.
A. 错误
B. 正确
2. When
we Chinese refer to something about ourselves or related to us, we
tend to elevate them.
A. 错误
B. 正确
3. When
you phone to tell your friend something, you are the source of
information.
A. 错误
B. 正确
4. Culture shock is a term used to describe the anxiety and
feelings (of surprise, disorientation, confusion, etc.) felt when
people have to operate within an entirely different cultural or
social environment, such as a different country or a different
state than where they live.
A. 错误
B. 正确
5. Chinese people tend to say things like “No, not really”
when they are asked “Are you hungry?” in the host
family.
1. The
_________ of a person is his or her family name.
A. given
name
B. middle
name
C.
surname
D.
initials
2. English surnames can show various sorts of information
about people, including the place a person is from, the job he has,
family relationships, ethnic identity and personal
_________.
A.
consideration
B.
knowledge
C.
politeness
D.
characteristics
3. Nowadays in England, people usually call each other
_________.
A. Sir or
Madam
B. by their
first name
C. Mr, Mrs,
Miss, or Ms
D. by their
last name
4. Unlike in China, the kin terms used for relatives do not
distinguish between _________ relatives in Britain.
A.
internal and external
B. old and
young
C. maternal
and paternal
D. male and
female
5. In
America _________ is the collective informal term for addressing a
group of friends.
A.
guys
B.
girls
C.
boys
D.
mates
6. In
China nowadays a lot of people are getting used to sharing the cost
of the meal equally between them, _________, as we
say.
A. to buy a
round
B. to foot
the bill
C. to go
Dutch
D. to go to
Dutch
7. In
the West, it is regarded polite to open gifts as soon as they are
given to express _________.
A.
greediness
B.
misunderstanding
C.
gratitude
D.
appreciation
8. Guests invited to dinner in the West frequently bring
_________ of wine.
A. only one
bottle
B. two
bottles
C. a dozen
bottles
D. a
pack
9. We
Chinese are brought up to initially refuse friendly offers to
demonstrate ______ in seeming not to wish to put our host to any
trouble.
A.
invitation
B.
tradition
C.
politeness
D.
personality
10. Normally, when hearing compliments, a typical Chinese
reaction is to show _________.
A.
disagreement and anger
B. modesty
and humility
C. enjoyment
and pride
D. pride and
gratitude
二、判断题（共 5 道试题，共 30 分。）
1. In
work places, it is quite common to see people use their initials
when they make any changes to a document they are reviewing.
A. 错误
B. 正确
2. English family names have always been there since the
beginning of human civilization.
A. 错误
B. 正确
3. Comparatively speaking, the Westerners tend to avoid direct
conflicts and losing face when confronted with a problem or when
refusing a request.
A. 错误
B. 正确
4. The
behavior of the host in actively offering and the guest in asking
the host not to bother have become conventional and habitual in the
West.
A. 错误
B. 正确
5. When
meeting at a pub for drinks, a popular pastime in England, each
person in the group will buy everyone a round.
1. 1.
The biggest difference between the Chinese way of child-rearing and
the Australian one is that the former fosters dependence and the
latter _________.
A.
reference
B.
independence
C.
interdependence
D.
indifference
2. The
traditional, primary relationship in a Chinese family is usually
that between _________.
A. husband
and wife
B. parents
and children
C. father
and children
D. teacher
and students
3. In a
typically traditional Chinese family, children are expected to show
_________ and obedience to parental wishes.
A.
revenge
B.
reject
C.
respect
D.
regret
4. While
many women feel it natural to confer with tier partners at every
turn, many men feel free to make decisions without such
_________.
A.
congratulation
B.
commitment
C.
conclusion
D.
consultation
5. Chinese students are often surprised at the frequency with
which their English friends _________ to one another over trivial
things.
A.
apologize
B.
confess
C.
shout
D.
explain
6. Body
language can sometimes lead to _________ since people of different
cultures often have different forms of behavior for sending the
same message or have different interpretations of the same
signal.
A.
effectiveness
B.
communication
C.
agreement
D.
misunderstanding
7. Non-verbal communication includes all of the following but
Not _________.
A. telephone
messages
B.
gestures
C. facial
expressions
D. eye
movements
8. The
ring gesture, where you form an “O” by holding the tip of your
forefinger to the tip of your thumb, means in France that you think
something is _________.
A.
worthless
B. “I’ll
kill you!”
C.
good
D.
great
9. Some
psychologists argue that there are six basic emotions. They are
surprise, fear, disgust, anger, happiness, and
_________.
A.
confusion
B.
boredom
C.
sadness
D.
shyness
10. In
Britain, if you do not look at the person in a conversation, it
could imply a number of things, including fear, _________,
uneasiness, guilt or indifference.
A.
attention
B.
happiness
C.
attempt
D.
contempt
二、判断题（共 5 道试题，共 40 分。）
1. An American visiting Australia has to be
careful in using the index finger to beckon someone.
A. 错误
B. 正确
2. In
Britain, you can look at a stranger for as long as you like
providing they are not standing next to you.
A. 错误
B. 正确
3. Different cultures have different customs concerning how
far apart people should stand when communicating with each
other.
A. 错误
B. 正确
4. When
British people feel perfectly friendly, they never sound cold or
distant.
A. 错误
B. 正确
5. There
seems to be growing evidence to suggest that women and men do
pursue different interactive style.
1. If
you want to join the medical _________ , you need to master a whole
body of medical knowledge and receive systematic
training.
A.
occupation
B.
vocation
C.
profession
D.
trade
2. I’m
afraid we shouldn’t go on chatting like this. The new manager could
arrive out of blue. What does out of blue mean?
A. with an
angry expression
B. extremely
pleased
C. thinking
deeply
D.
unexpectedly; without warning
3. Kill
not the goose that lays the golden eggs. What does the sentence
mean?
A. It is
better to accept something small than to reject it and hope to get
more later on.
B. If too
many people try to do the same thing at the same time, there will
be chaos.
C. Anyone
who claims more than he has already got is very likely to get
nothing at all in the future.
D. There
must be something better after every piece of unpleasantness.
4. Some
forms of human communication from a primitive tribe to a global
village (mentioned in the course book) include
_________.
A. computer
network, TV stations, drumbeats, chopsticks
B. smoke
signals, pigeons, peacocks, mobile phones, emails …
C. gestures,
TV, email, fire, horns, flags, animals …
D. shouting
to each other, printing, telegraph, radio, internet …
5. According to Sir Richard Paget, the right order of
development of human communication is _________.
A. sounds,
food, hunting, writing, gambling, online chatting
B. gestures
of the hands, gestures of the mouth, whispered speech, voiced
speech
C. gestures,
eye movements, writing, speech, telegraph, internet
D. shouting,
whispers, hands movements, horse riding, computers
6. Language may be _________ to our own species, the capacity
of mean, to transmit messages vital to survival, and to understand
them, certainly is not.
A.
effective
B.
unique
C.
relative
D.
misunderstanding
7. Communication through writing emancipates man from the
constraints imposed by the face-to-face distance and the _________
of time.
A.
spontaneity
B.
responsibility
C.
complexity
D.
confusion
8. A
digital computer is a system composed of four distinct elements: a
central processing unit, input devices, memory storage devices, and
_________ devices.
A. hard
ware
B. hard
disk
C.
output
D.
monitor
9. The
cardinal principle we should bear in mind in conducting
cross-cultural communication is this: There is no such a thing as
good or bad. There are only ________.
A.
influences
B.
respect
C.
indifference
D.
differences
10. A
stereotype is a conventional, formulaic, and ________ conception,
opinion, or image of a group of people.
A.
effective
B.
oversimplified
C.
characteristic
D.
beneficial
二、单项选择题（共 5 道试题，共 40 分。Match
the English idioms with their explanations by choosing the
appropriate option (a-e).）
1. □ to have a
big mouth
A.
only just
B.
the finest citizens; persons with very high
qualities
C. in
confusion
D. to boast
a lot or talk too much
E. a person
who is strongly disapproved of by other members of his/her
family
2. □ at sixes and sevens
A.
only just
B. the
finest citizens; persons with very high qualities
C. in
confusion
D. to boast
a lot or talk too much
E. a person
who is strongly disapproved of by other members of his/her
family
3. □ a black sheep
A.
only just
B. the
finest citizens; persons with very high qualities
C. in
confusion
D. to boast
a lot or talk too much
E. a person
who is strongly disapproved of by other members of his/her
family
4. □ by the skin of one’s teeth
A.
only just
B. the
finest citizens; persons with very high qualities
C. in
confusion
D. to boast
a lot or talk too much
E. a person
who is strongly disapproved of by other members of his/her
family
5. □ the salt of the earth
A.
only just
B. the
finest citizens; persons with very high qualities
C. in
confusion
D. to boast
a lot or talk too much
E. a person
who is strongly disapproved of by other members of his/her
family
在清楚了如何搭建案例分析的框架后，在具体分析时，还需要注意两点：
第一，在跨文化交际中，交际双方的行为在彼此的文化氛围中没有对错（right or wrong）之分,
只有说合适不合适，恰当不恰当，礼貌不礼貌。因此，在分析时要注意语气，要学会遣词造句。
第二，要熟悉和掌握一些基本表达法。例如:
Some Useful Expressions in Case Analysis
In the Eastern culture…, while in the Western
culture… In some countries…, but in some other
countries…Ø In China…, though in America/
Britain/Canada…Ø take… it for grantedØ that regard/consider it asØ misunderstand it asØ seem surprisedØ and offended by It is (not) suitable forØ It is possible/impossibleØ
为了避免以偏概全，我们应该少用“all、everyone,
none”等带有偏见性的词语，而要根据实际情况多用下面这些表达方式：
Ways of Generalization
Most / many / a few / few people think itØ proper
to People are most / more / much likely toØ People tend toØ People usually /always/ often /seldom/ rarely/
hardlyØ It isØ customary that According to the Chinese/ American custom,Ø AccordingØ to the Chinese/ American
culture,
I have an American friend. I have invited him to my home several
times, and at long last he invited me to his home one day. He told
me to get thee at 3 pm. I thought we could chat and have a meal
together. I gave him a Chinese calendar, a woman’s scarf and a
bottle of Chinese wine. He only took out a dish of nuts, a plate of
bread and a bottle of wine. After two hour’s chat, I found there
was no hint of meal and said good-bye to him. He only gave me a box
of chocolate as a present for the New Year. After I got home, I
found the box had already been opened. I was very surprised.
Question: What was surprised me ?
1)
In China, a visit to home always includes a meal. And the guest
always brings a relatively rich present to the host. And the
present should be well wrapped or untouched.
2)
In the west, a visit to home only means a meeting, not necessarily
including a meal. And the present is related not as important as it
is in China.
3)
I acted in a way that was based on Chinese customs, so I felt the
American was was very interesting.
Case2
Tom, an American, went to a Chinese home for the first time. He
was offered some teas. Just when the first cup was about to finish,
more tea was added. He drank the second cup. Then the cup was
filled the third time. Then he drank it, then … until he was quite
full. Tom was totally confused by the way of entertaining.
Question: why was Tom totally confused?
1)
Traditional Chinese custom requires that during the course of
entertaining, the host has to always pour more wine or tea to the
guest’s glass or cup, and always adds more food to the guest’s
plate or bowl without asking whether it’s wanted.
2)
Chinese guests know how to respond to this type of hospitality.
They simply leave the wine, tea, or food in the container and stop
having any more. But Tom, the American guest in the case didn’t
know this.
3)
He followed the politeness rule of his culture: it’s not good
manners to leave food in one’s own plate at a dinner table.
Therefore, without any knowledge of the differences between the two
cultures, an American guest would very likely suffer from either
drinking or eating too much in such a situation.
Case3
Study the following two short speeches. One is given by a Hong
Kong Chinese and the other by an American businessman.
A.
because most of our production is done in China now, and it’s not
really certain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997, and since I
think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement
is necessary because of the expense. So, I suggest that we delay
making our decision until after Legco makes its decision.
B.
I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes
its decision. That is because I think a certain amount of caution
in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the
expense. In addition to that, most of our production is done in
China now, and its not really certain how Hong Kong will be like
after 1997.
Question:
Which speech might be given by the Chinese and which by the
American? Give your reasons.
1)
The message of the two versions is the same but the ay it is
expressed is different.
2)
The first speech is made by the Chinese. Even though the words and
sentences of the speaker are quite clear, it does not seem quite
clear what the speaker’s main point is.
3)
The second is what the Western people might expect.
4)
The reason lies in the different discourse patterns between Chinese
and English. The deductive （topic）pattern is prevalent in the West.
The Chinese and other Asians favor the inductive
（topic-delayed）pattern. The Western people are in the habit of
directly expressing their ideas, while Chinese employ an indirect
way when presenting their ideas.
2007-1试题
Case1
Lin Hua has accompanied an American delegation to visit China.
They have experienced the hospitality of the Chinese people. After
returning to America, Lin Hua once visited them. They were so glad
to meet again. Lin Hua offered to host the meal, but they refused.
They ordered their own dish, and lin Hua ordered her own. When
footing the bill, they only paid their part, and no one wanted to
pay for Lin Hua. Lin Hua found them so inhospitable, though she
knew the Americans would usually pay for their own food.
Question: Why did Lin Hua find them inhospitable?
1)
In China, to show hospitality, people tend to host the meal. And if
they can not do this, they will at least struggle to pay for the
guest.
2)
In America, people tend to pay for themselves to show equality and
independence.
3)
Lin Hua knows this custom, but from a Chinese point of view, she
still finds this hard to accept, and feels it a little
inhospitable.
Case2
Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York. He needed a
good meal. His American friend, mike, met him. But Mike only
offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice.
Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any
rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do
with it. Thought Lin knew American didn’t care very much about what
food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to
the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing-Quanjude-when he arrived
in Beijing.
Question:
Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about
adjusting to his new environment in American.
1)
On the topic of hospitality, the Chinese stress is on warmth and
demonstrating friendship. They take the guest to a famous or
luxurious restaurant to have a very good （expensive）meal to show
their hospitality. And the Chinese are used to having a big meal.
The more dishes they put out, the greater the warmth and friendship
they show.
2)
In western countries, people stress freedom. They give the guest
great freedom to choose their own foods. And westerners tend to
have only one main course and some juice or dessert, which is
viewed as casual in the eyes of the Chinese.
3)
Lin lived in American surroundings and should have adjusted himself
quickly to the new world《lifestyle》. He should have known the
custom there first, and felt more at ease in Mike’s home.
Case3
Zhu Jun works in a joint-venture company as an executive in
China. His boss is an American called Patrick. They are good
friends. Once at a meeting with most Chinese participants including
Zhu Jun, Patrick took it for grated that his new project would be
quite satisfying. But to his great surprise and puzzlement, after
the meeting, Zhu Jun came to his office and told him that the
project might not work properly. This time, to Zhu Jun’s surprise,
Patrick did not seem happy but even annoyed withi his.
Question:
What would Patrick expect from the participants for his new
project at the meeting? Could you explain Zhu Jun’s behavior?
Suppose you are the person who knows both of them quite well. Could
you give some advice to both of them so that they could understand
each other well?
1)
In China, which places great value on collectivism and group
identity, uniformity and conformity are stressed. Uniqueness and
self-assertive behavior are not favourited within the group, for
they tend to be viewed undignified or embossing. So people are not
used to expressing their contrary opinions openly in order not to
disgrace those involved even if they disagree. The participant at a
meeting should be aware of the status of group members and behave
according to his position in the hierarchy. As a Chinese, Zhu Jun
did not express his disagreement at the meeting for he thought it
might make Patrick-his boss embarrassed and lose face. But as a
friend, he had to tell him about his different opinion. So that’s
why he went to Patrick’s office to express his ideas about the
project.
2)
In America which scores high in individualism, people learn to be
unique. They prefer to express their own personal thoughts and
feelings in public, that is, they like to debate issues openly.
Thus disagreements are always welcome in the discussion. As an
American, Patrick would expect the participants to express their
independent ideas freely about the new project.
3)
However, from the point of view of Patrick, Zhu Jun was not a
reliable and responsible person due to not being able to air his
views openly.
4)
As a group leader in China, Patrick should try to understand the
Chinese way of group identity. He might accept Zhu Jun’s advice but
should try to convince him that he really expects independent
opinions from him and encourage him to express himself openly.
5)
Zhu Jun should also try to get to know American individualism. He
should learn that Patrick really wants to have suggestions when
having a meeting rather than agreement only.
III. Communication Analysis
Case 1:
An American tourist and a Chinese couple met for the first time.
They are introducing themselves like this:
American tourist: it was so nice to meet you both here. I’m
lucky Webster. Thank you very much.
Chinese woman: it’s a pleasure. I’m Li Hong, and this is my
husband. Welcome to China, Miss Lucy.
American tourist: Thank you, Mrs. Li. Would both of you like a
cup of coffee?
Chinese couple: No, thanks.
Question:
What went wrong in the case and why?
1) the American tourist thinks that Li Hong’s surname is her
husband’s surname, because she is unaware of the fact that in China
women still use their own surname after marriage.
2) Li thanks that“Miss”is a respectful term of
address for any female English speaker, but unaware of the fact
that in American it is not used before someone’s first name. she
also mistakes the given name“Lucy”for the
surname.
Case 2
Lee, an overseas student from China, once had a talk with his
American classmate Tom.
Lee: it really puzzles me that you Americans thank people all
day long. When the teacher answers your questions, when your mother
buys you a book that you need, when a wife brings her husband a cup
of coffee, after a salesgirl attends you, …
Tom: well, when I finished my tour in China, I said “thank
you”to the interpreter who accompanied me during the tour. The
interpreter replied, “It’s my duty to do so.”I can’t help thinking
that he means, “I had no choice but to do it, because it is my
duty. Otherwise I would not have done so.”
Question:
What makes Lee puzzled and why? Is the interpreter’s reply
appropriate in the English context?
1）A Chinese student would always thank his/her teacher
for the latter’s help, but would seldom do so to his/her parents
because Chinese people don’t usually say“Thank
you”to those who are very close. They would rather choose
some implicit ways to show their gratitude and concern, such as
saying something like“leile ba?”（l累了吧）“Xinku
le.”（辛苦了）“kuai xiexie ba.”（快歇歇吧）etc. but one
traditional Chinese concept holds that it is the duty of the young
and the junior to do something for the elderly and the senior, and
so the latter don’t have to say thanks.
2) Saying“Thank you”is very common in America,
even between parents and children, husband and wife for very small
and ordinary things. So they thank all day long. They use words
like“Please”,“Excuse me”,“Thank you”in daily conversation, whether between
intimates or between strangers.
3) Both English and Chinese cultures require their members to
respond to thanks. But they have different expression. The
interpreter’s reply was far from the message he/she actually
intended to convey.
“跨文化交际”课程终结考试网上考试样题
Information for the Examinees:
This examination consists of two sections. These
are:
Section I: Multiple Choice Questions
Basic knowledge and skills of cross-cultural communication (20
items, 3 points each, 60 points)
Section II: Case Analysis
Application of basic knowledge and skills of cross-cultural
communication (40 points)
The total marks for this examination are 100
points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 60
minutes.
1. There are two kinds of
cross-cultural communication: unilateral communication and
_________.
A. successful communication
B. verbal communication
C. unsuccessful communication
D. bilateral communication
2. When we are in a social gathering, we must be aware of the
rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to
proceed. These rules and procedures are technically called
_________.
A. anecdotes
B. schema (schemas)
C. gestures
D. goals
3. Most Americans see themselves as
separate _________, not as representatives of a
family, community or other group.
A. independence
B. cultures
C. customers
D. individuals
4. One way of talking about the different stages in getting used
to life in a new country is the distinction of euphoria,
depression, _________ and acceptance.
A. criticism
B. adjustment
C. admiration
D. shock
5. _________ is a term used to describe the anxiety and feelings
(of surprise, disorientation, confusion, etc.) felt when people
have to operate within an entirely different cultural or social
environment, such as a different country or a different state than
where they live. .
A. Cultural shock
B. Culture surprise
C. Acculturation
D. Unsuccessful communication
6. English surnames can show various sorts of information about
people, including the place a person is from, the job he has,
family relationships, ethnic identity and personal _________.
A. consideration
B. characteristics
C. politeness
D. knowledge
7. Unlike in China, the kin terms used for relatives do not
distinguish between _________ relatives in Britain.
A. internal and external
B. old and young
C. male and female
D. maternal and paternal
8. In China nowadays a lot of people are getting used to sharing
the cost of the meal equally between them, _________, as we
say.
A. buying a round
B. footing the bill
C. going Dutch
D. going to Dutch
9. We Chinese are brought up to initially refuse friendly offers
to demonstrate ______ in seeming not to wish to put our host to any
trouble.
A. invitation
B. politeness
C. tradition
D. personality
10. When meeting at a pub for drinks, a popular pastime in
England, each person in the group will buy everyone a
_________.
A. round
B. dozen
C. bottle
D. glass
11. While many women feel it natural to confer with their
partners at every turn, many men feel free to make decisions
without such _________.
A. congratulation
B. commitment
C. consultation
D. conclusion
12. The biggest difference between the Chinese way of
child-rearing and the Australian one is that the former tends to
foster dependence and the latter _________.
A. reference
B. indifference
C. interdependence
D. independence
13. Body language can sometimes lead to _________ since people
of different cultures often have different forms of behavior for
sending the same message or have different interpretations of the
same signal.
A. effectiveness
B. misunderstanding
C. agreement
D. communication
14. The ring gesture, where you form an “O” by holding the tip
of your forefinger to the tip of your thumb, means in France that
you think something is _________.
A. worthless
B. “I’ll kill you!”
C. good
D. great
15. There seems to be _________ evidence to suggest that women
and men do pursue different interactive styles.
A. declining
B. growing
C. no
D. less
16. “Kill not the goose that lays the golden eggs.” What does
the sentence mean? _________
A. It is better to accept something small than to reject it and
hope to get more later on.
B. If too many people try to do the same thing at the same time,
there will be chaos.
C. Anyone who claims more than he has already got is very likely
to get nothing at all in the future.
D. There must be something better after every piece of
unpleasantness.
17. According to Sir Richard Paget, the right order of
development of human communication is _________.
A. sounds, food, hunting, writing, gambling, online chatting
B. gestures, eye movements, writing, speech, telegraph,
internet
C. gestures of the hands, gestures of the mouth, whispered
speech, voiced speech
D. shouting, whispers, hands movements, horse riding,
computers
18. Communication through writing emancipates man from the
constraints imposed by the face-to-face distance and the _________
of time.
A. confusion
B. responsibility
C. complexity
D. spontaneity
19. The cardinal principle we should bear in mind in conducting
cross-cultural communication is this: There is no such a thing as
good or bad. There are only ________.
A. influences
B. respect
C. differences
D. indifference
20. I’m afraid we shouldn’t go on chatting like this. The new
manager could arrive out of blue. What does “out of blue”
mean?
A. with an angry expression
B. unexpectedly; without warning
C. thinking deeply
D. extremely pleased
Section II: Case Analysis
Application of basic knowledge and skills of
cross-cultural communication(40 points)
Instruction: Read the passage carefully. Then write an
analysis about the questions that follow the passage. Your analysis
should be no less than 400 words.
Note! Both your understanding and application of basic
knowledge and skills of cross-cultural communication, and
your writing ability, will be assessed in this case
analysis.
Can We Talk About
It?
Linda lives in a Canadian city with her two-year-old adopted
Chinese daughter Ming. Linda is a busy professional woman and a
single parent who wants her daughter to speak Chinese and know the
culture she was born into. For this reason Linda invites new
Chinese immigrants to live in a spare bedroom in her house. She
always interviews prospective housemates before they move in. She
wants to avoid any misunderstandings by making her expectations
clear, and she wants everyone who lives in the house to benefit.
Among other things, she wants to see how Ming likes any new person
who might live with them. She expects a new resident in her home to
agree to share housework and to speak Chinese to Ming. In exchange
Linda agrees to help with English and any other problems the newly
arrived immigrant might face in adapting to life in Canada.
Linda liked 32-year-old Jiang, an engineer from northeast China,
immediately when she came for her interview, and so did Ming. Jiang
thought this would be an ideal place to spend the six months she
had to wait until her husband and 4-year-old son could join her.
They lived with Jiang’s parents where she and her husband had lived
since they married. She had never lived apart from her parents
except when she lived in a university dormitory, so she was pleased
to be able to live with a family. She readily agreed to everything
Linda said during the interview.
After a few weeks Linda noticed that Jiang
seldom did any housework. She did not even clean up after herself,
so Linda had more housework than before Jiang moved in. Linda
helped Jiang with English and job applications, and practiced job
interviews with her. At the same time Jiang did not seem to spend
more time with Ming.
Linda gave Jiang some lighthearted reminders
such as joking about how she hates housework or saying, “Ming, tell
me what you and Aiyee did this afternoon.”
This did not produce any positive results, so
Linda decided to discuss the problem directly. One evening at the
kitchen table Linda said, “I think we have some crossed lines of
communication. I understood that we had a certain agreement between
us, but you obviously understood something different. Can we talk
about it?”
Jiang was silent and stared at the table.
Linda tried again: “I hoped you would spend
more time with Ming. You two got along so well at first. She likes
you and is disappointed that you don’t play with her.”
Jiang did not say anything. She did not look
at Linda. Her body stiffened, her face turned red, and she stared
at the floor.
Linda tried again. “I’m not angry, just
confused. Tell me what you’re thinking. I want to understand your
point of view.”
More silence.
Finally Linda could not tolerate Jiang’s
silence any longer. She was angry when she said, “You know, in this
culture it’s very rude to stay silent when someone is trying very
hard to resolve a misunderstanding.”
The next day Linda went to see her friend
Qian, who had lived in Canada for over a year. Qian listened to
Linda’s story and said, “She is angry!” This was a surprise to
Linda.
“What is she angry about? Why won’t she talk
to me?”
Linda never found out. Jiang moved out soon
after.
Questions to think about when you write your
analysis:
1. Why do you think Jiang is angry?
2. How do you think family background contribute to the
situation Linda and Jiang experienced?
3.What advice would you give to either of the two to
help them avoid similar misunderstandings in the future?
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